Brym and Lie contend that rather than involving a downward shift in the entire labor force,it seems more accurate to think of recent changes in work as:

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Brym and Lie argue that the changes in work have led to a polarization between high-quality jobs with good pay and benefits and low-paying, insecure jobs with few benefits. This is consistent with the idea that there has been a growing income inequality in many developed countries. The other options mentioned (redefinition of the workplace and new classification of work) are not mutually exclusive with the idea of a polarization between good and bad jobs.

Brym and Lie Contend That Rather Than Involving a Downward