Ford once supplied every part to its automobiles,except the rubber (it even tried to grow the trees,to no avail).This is an example of

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Backward vertical integration involves a company taking control of its suppliers, which is the case with Ford. By supplying every part except the rubber, Ford was able to control the quality of its products and reduce costs by eliminating the markup that would come from purchasing parts from third-party suppliers. This also allowed for better coordination and communication in the production process. Forward vertical integration refers to a company taking control of its distributors or retailers, which is not applicable in this case. Unrelated diversification, horizontal integration, and a defender strategy are also not relevant to Ford's situation.

Ford Once Supplied Every Part to Its Automobiles,except the Rubber