According to Tolman,the concept of _____ is essential to understanding classical conditioning.

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Tolman emphasized that classical conditioning involves the formation of expectancies or predictions, which guide an organism's behavior based on its previous experiences with stimuli. This means that the concept of expectancy is essential to understanding classical conditioning, and it goes beyond simple associations between stimuli and responses. Rewards and punishment, while important in operant conditioning, are not as central to the process of classical conditioning. Preparedness refers to the idea that certain stimuli are easier to associate than others due to evolutionary factors, but it is not a central concept in Tolman's approach to classical conditioning.

According to Tolman,the Concept of _____ Is Essential to Understanding