Question 1

Tolman demonstrated that rats can learn to run a maze correctly even though they were never reinforced for successfully running through it.This demonstrated that the rats called on their _____ to help them reach the end of the maze more quickly.

Accepted Answer

Tolman's experiment demonstrated latent learning, which is the acquisition of knowledge or skills that are not immediately reflected in behavior. The rats were not reinforced for running the maze correctly, yet they still learned and were able to demonstrate their knowledge later on.

Question 2

_____ is defined as a type of learning that occurs without reinforcement.However,this learning is not demonstrated until the person or animal is reinforced to do so.

Accepted Answer

Latent learning refers to a type of learning where the individual acquires new knowledge or skills but does not demonstrate them until they receive reinforcement or motivation to do so. This is different from classical conditioning where learning occurs through association and reinforcement is not necessary for the behavior to be exhibited, and insight learning where a sudden understanding or solution is reached through mental processes. Instinctive drift refers to the tendency of an animal to revert back to instinctual behaviors even after conditioning.

Question 3

Applied behavior analysis (behavior modification)programs rely on what principles of learning to help people develop programs to change?

Accepted Answer

Applied behavior analysis programs rely on the principles of operant conditioning, which involves the use of reinforcements and punishments to modify behavior. Classical conditioning, insight learning, and observational learning are not typically used in behavior modification programs.

Question 4

Discuss the distinction between associative learning and observational learning.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Discuss the distinction between associative learning and...

Question 5

Which of the following is (are)associated with Bandura's model of observational learning?

Accepted Answer

Bandura's model of observational learning emphasized the importance of retention (memory) and motor reproduction (imitation of observed behaviors). Therefore, choice D is the correct answer. The other options (A, B, C) are related to classical and operant conditioning, which are different learning models.

Question 6

Your psychology professor wants to help students learn how to write a high-quality research paper,so she posts an example of a research paper on the course website.You use this example as a model when writing your own paper.Which of the following concepts best describes how you learned to write your research paper?

Accepted Answer

Observational learning involves learning by watching and imitating others. In this scenario, the student learned how to write a research paper by observing and modeling the example provided by the professor.

Question 7

_____ is the species-specific biological predisposition to learn in certain ways but not others.

Accepted Answer

Preparedness is the species-specific biological predisposition to learn in certain ways but not others, due to genetic programming of the nervous system. This means that certain behaviors or associations are easier to learn than others, because they are already pre-wired in the brain due to evolution. For example, humans have a preparedness to learn language, while dogs have a preparedness to learn from smell.

Question 8

Latent learning is _____.

Accepted Answer

Latent learning refers to learning that occurs without any obvious reward or reinforcement, but is not immediately expressed in behavior. Choice B is incorrect because latent learning does not necessarily involve insight or generalizations. Choice C is also incorrect because latent learning can be readily activated and expressed, even after a period of time has passed. Choice D is incorrect because latent learning does not depend on instinctive drift or positive reinforcement.

Question 9

Which of the following is true with regard to insight learning?

Accepted Answer

Insight learning is characterized by sudden realization or understanding and requires thinking creatively or "outside the box" to solve a problem or reach a solution. It often involves setting aside previous expectations and assumptions. It is different from learning through trial and error, which involves gradual processes of repetition and reinforcement. Exposure to other cultures may also influence insight learning by providing new perspectives and alternative problem-solving methods.

Question 10

In studying the _____,Tolman focused on cognitive mechanisms.

Accepted Answer

Tolman's focus on cognitive mechanisms led to his development of the concept of purposiveness of behavior, emphasizing that behavior is goal-directed and influenced by cognitive maps or mental representations of the environment. The other options - discreetness of behavior, associative learning, and operant learning - do not specifically relate to Tolman's cognitive approach.

Question 11

_____ is a form of problem solving in which the organism develops a sudden understanding of a problem's solution.

Accepted Answer

Insight learning involves sudden understanding or realization of a problem's solution, without the need for trial-and-error learning or rewards/punishments. Classical conditioning involves learning through association between two stimuli, while latent learning involves learning that is not immediately expressed in behavior but emerges later. Instinctive drift is when learned behaviors are replaced by genetically programmed behaviors.

Question 12

One day,on the way home from work,you decide to explore a side street that you'd passed on several occasions.You are surprised to find that it runs parallel to the expressway and realize that it could be used as an alternate route to and from work.Several weeks later,there is a major accident on your usual travel route and you remember the side street alternate route.You happily take this route home.This is an example of _____.

Accepted Answer

This is an example of latent learning, where the learning is not immediately demonstrated but is revealed later when it becomes useful or necessary. The person had previously explored the side street but only utilized it when their usual route was no longer an option.

Question 13

The tendency of animals to revert to instinctive behavior that interferes with learning is called _____.

Accepted Answer

Instinctive drift refers to the tendency of animals to revert to instinctive behavior that interferes with learning. This can occur when an animal's innate tendencies interfere with the conditioned response that is being taught.

Question 14

According to Bandura's model of observational learning,what are the four primary processes involved in observational learning?

Accepted Answer

Bandura's model of observational learning involves attention (paying attention to the model), retention (remembering the model's actions), motor reproduction (being able to physically perform the actions), and reinforcement (receiving rewards or punishments for the behavior).

Question 15

Which of the following is an example of instinctive drift?

Accepted Answer

Instinctive drift refers to the tendency of animals to revert back to their innate behaviors or instincts, even when they have been trained to perform a different behavior. In this case, the pig's natural instinct to root and push objects on the ground for food is interfering with its ability to learn to carry objects in its mouth.

Question 16

According to Tolman,the concept of _____ is essential to understanding classical conditioning.

Accepted Answer

Tolman emphasized that classical conditioning involves the formation of expectancies or predictions, which guide an organism's behavior based on its previous experiences with stimuli. This means that the concept of expectancy is essential to understanding classical conditioning, and it goes beyond simple associations between stimuli and responses. Rewards and punishment, while important in operant conditioning, are not as central to the process of classical conditioning. Preparedness refers to the idea that certain stimuli are easier to associate than others due to evolutionary factors, but it is not a central concept in Tolman's approach to classical conditioning.

Question 17

According to Tolman's view on purposive learning,_____.

Accepted Answer

Tolman's view on purposive learning emphasizes the role of goal-directed behavior and expectations of outcomes. Option A is more in line with classical conditioning, while option B refers to a behaviorist perspective on learning. Option D refers to a different theory altogether, and is not related to Tolman's ideas.

Question 18

According to Bandura's model of observational learning,which final component determines whether or not an imitated or modeled act will be repeated?

Accepted Answer

According to Bandura's model of observational learning, the final component that determines whether or not an imitated or modeled act will be repeated is reinforcement. If the behavior is reinforced, then it is more likely to be repeated, but if it is punished or not reinforced, then it is less likely to be repeated.

Question 19

Ally,an athlete believes she does not have the ability to improve her running time,despite her practicing every day.Which of the following explains Ally's attitude?

Accepted Answer

Ally's belief that she cannot improve despite practice indicates a fixed mindset, where she believes that her abilities are fixed and cannot be changed through effort or practice.

Question 20

_____,a third element of observational learning,is the process of imitating the model's actions.

Accepted Answer

Motor reproduction is the process of imitating the model's actions. Attention refers to the learner's act of focusing or attending to the model, replication is not a term used in observational learning, and reinforcement is a consequence that follows a behavior and can influence its likelihood of being repeated, but it is not a third element of observational learning.

Quiz 5: Learning