Question 1

In a factorial design,which variable influences the nature of the relationship between two other variables?

Accepted Answer

A moderator variable is a variable that influences the relationship between two other variables. In factorial design, the moderator influences how the independent variables affect the dependent variable. By introducing a moderator variable, you can investigate how the strength and direction of the relationship between the independent variables and dependent variables change depending on different levels of the moderator variable.

Question 2

Individuals with work experience and those without work experience are given identical resumes of a male or female applicant and asked to indicate the likelihood that they would hire the individual.The PV in this design is

Accepted Answer

The PV (predictor variable) in this design is whether individuals have work experience or not, as it is the variable that is being used to predict the likelihood of hiring the applicant.

Question 3

Mary found an interaction between a defendant's gender (male or female)and their appearance (attractive or unattractive)on judgments of criminal behaviour.She analyzes the difference between judgments for unattractive defendants who are male or female.She then performs the same analysis for attractive males and females.Mary has examined the

Accepted Answer

The simple main effect of appearance is the difference in judgments between attractive and unattractive defendants, separately for males and females.

Question 4

John is studying punishment assigned to male or female drivers who cause minor or serious injuries to a victim in an automobile accident.He predicts that male drivers will receive harsher punishments than female drivers only when the injuries caused are severe.However,when the injuries are mild,he predicts no difference in assigned punishment between male and female drivers.The moderator variable in this design is

Accepted Answer

The moderator variable in this design is the type of injuries received. John is predicting that the severity of the injuries will impact the relationship between the gender of the driver and the severity of punishment. When the injuries are severe, he predicts that male drivers will receive harsher punishments than female drivers. However, when the injuries are mild, he predicts no difference between male and female drivers. Therefore, the type of injuries received is moderating the relationship between the gender of the driver and the severity of punishment.

Question 5

An educational researcher examines the effect of speaker credibility on attitude change in university and community college students.The PV in this design is

Accepted Answer

The PV (participant variable) in this design is the type of student, as it refers to the characteristic of the participants being studied (university vs. community college students).

Question 6

A researcher believes that driving performance during daytime versus nighttime will vary depending upon whether the road is dry or wet.In this study,road condition would be a(n)

Accepted Answer

Road condition acts as a moderator in this study because it is a variable that is expected to modify the relationship between the time of day (daytime vs. nighttime) and driving performance.

Question 7

A 2 x 2 factorial design was used to study the effects of participant gender and style of persuasion on attitude change using 40 individuals.This is an example of a(n)________ design.

Accepted Answer

This is an example of an IV x PV (independent variable x participant variable) design because the two independent variables (participant gender and style of persuasion) are manipulated and because participant gender is considered a participant variable (i.e. participants are not randomly assigned to this condition).

Question 8

In a factorial design,the effect of a moderating variable is revealed as a(n)

Accepted Answer

The effect of a moderating variable is revealed as an interaction in a factorial design. An interaction occurs when the effect of one independent variable on the dependent variable changes depending on the level of another independent variable. This suggests that the relationship between the independent and dependent variables is not straightforward and depends on the level of the moderator variable.

Question 9

A researcher conducts an experiment in which half of the participants read a story designed to reduce prejudice (story group),whereas the other half of the participants read material unrelated to prejudice (control group).After reading the material,half of the participants describe a minority group while alone,and the other half describes a minority group in the presence of their peers.The dependent variable is the number of positive statements made about the minority group.The mean number of positive statements in the four conditions was:
$\begin{array}{r}
\text { AlonePeer }\
\begin{array}{lll}
\text {  Control } & 1 & 2\
\text { Story } & 5 & 1
\end{array}
\end{array}$

$\begin{array} { l l l }  \end{array}$
Although the final conclusions would be based on statistical significance tests,these results indicate a(n)

Accepted Answer

The answer of A researcher conducts an experiment in which...

Question 10

In order to find a curvilinear relationship,the researcher needs to use

Accepted Answer

Curvilinear relationships involve a non-linear relationship between the independent and dependent variables. Using three or more levels of the independent variable allows for the observation of a non-linear pattern, which may indicate a curvilinear relationship. Factorial designs, mixed designs, and multiple dependent variables may not necessarily have any bearing on the presence of a curvilinear relationship.

Question 11

In analyzing the interaction between age and gender,Reba finds a difference in hiring likelihood between young and old applicants when they are females.However,she finds no difference between young and old applicants when they are males.Based on the findings,Reba has examined the

Accepted Answer

The answer of In analyzing the interaction between age and...

Question 12

A researcher designs a study where participants are randomly assigned to one of two conditions.Each participant is then measured under two different circumstances.This is an example of a(n)_____ design.

Accepted Answer

This is an example of a mixed factorial design because it involves both between-subjects (participants are randomly assigned to one of two conditions) and within-subjects (each participant is measured under two different circumstances) elements.

Question 13

In a 2 x 2 mixed factorial design,there are(is)

Accepted Answer

In a 2 x 2 mixed factorial design, there is one set of independent groups (one independent variable where each participant is in only one group) and one set of repeated measures (one independent variable where each participant is exposed to all levels of that variable), making it a combination of between-subjects and within-subjects design.

Question 14

An IV x PV design has

Accepted Answer

In an IV x PV design, the independent variable (IV) is manipulated by the experimenter, while the participant variable (PV) is not. Therefore, this design has one manipulated variable (IV) and one non-manipulated variable (PV).

Question 15

The main reason to use a 2 x 2 factorial design instead of two separate experiments (with one IV per experiment)is to

Accepted Answer

The main advantage of using a 2 x 2 factorial design is to investigate the interaction between the two independent variables. This allows for a more nuanced understanding of the relationship between the variables than can be gained from conducting two separate experiments. While there may also be some time-saving benefits to using a factorial design, the primary goal is to better understand the interaction between the variables. Additionally, the factorial design allows for the examination of main effects as well as the interaction effect, which can add further insight into the nature of the relationship between the variables.

Question 16

Which one of the following is a possible outcome for a 2 x 2 factorial design?

Accepted Answer

In a 2 x 2 factorial design, there are two factors, each with two levels. Therefore, there are four possible conditions. Option C suggests that at least one of the factors has a significant main effect, but the other does not, and there is a significant interaction effect. This is a possible outcome for a 2 x 2 factorial design because it accounts for all three effects (two main effects and the interaction effect). All other options either include non-significant effects or more significant effects than possible in a 2 x2 factorial design.

Question 17

Interactions are often discussed in terms of a moderator variable.A moderator variable

Accepted Answer

A moderator variable influences the relationship between two other variables. It can strengthen, weaken, or even change the direction of the relationship between the variables being studied. Therefore, option C is the correct choice. Option A is incorrect because a moderator variable is not misleading, but rather an important factor in understanding the relationship between variables. Option B is incorrect because a moderator variable can have a large or small effect on the interaction, and the term "moderate" does not refer to the magnitude of the effect. Option D is incorrect because a moderator variable does not necessarily balance the effect between variables, but rather influences how the variables relate to each other.

Question 18

In a factorial design,a main effect is the

Accepted Answer

A main effect is the effect of one independent variable averaged over the levels of the other independent variable(s). It allows us to understand the impact of each independent variable on the dependent variable independently of the other independent variable(s).

Question 19

A researcher states that "anxiety decreased performance irrespective of the participants' motivation levels." This statement tells you that there was a(n)

Accepted Answer

The statement suggests that anxiety had a direct and independent effect on performance, regardless of the participants' levels of motivation. This is consistent with a main effect of anxiety. There is no mention of an interaction between anxiety and motivation, nor does the statement imply a main effect of motivation or any indication of a Type I error being made.

Question 20

A researcher has second-grade boys and girls view aggressive or non-aggressive cartoons.After viewing the cartoons,the children are observed playing in a room that contains a variety of toys.The number of aggressive acts displayed by the children is measured.This research design would be an example of a(n)_____ design.

Accepted Answer

The answer of A researcher has second-grade boys and girls...

Quiz 10: Complex Experimental Designs