Direct controls for reducing pollution can be criticized from an economic viewpoint as

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Direct controls for reducing pollution can be inefficient in allocating the costs of pollution reduction among various firms and plants. This is because not all firms may have the same level of pollution, and some may find it more costly to reduce their pollution levels than others. Direct controls can also result in an overall increase in costs, which may be passed on to consumers in the form of higher prices. Therefore, a more economically efficient approach would be to use market-based instruments such as emissions trading systems, which allocate pollution reduction costs based on market demand and price signals.

Direct Controls for Reducing Pollution Can Be Criticized from an Economic