Forward and backward integration usually take place under which marketing system?

Question

Quizplus · Accepted Answer

Forward and backward integration both involve the combination or coordination of different stages of production or distribution under a single ownership. This is commonly observed in corporate vertical marketing systems, where a single entity owns and controls all stages of the value chain from production to distribution. In contrast, contractual vertical marketing systems involve independent entities working together through contractual agreements, whereas integrated marketing systems refer to the coordination of marketing activities across multiple channels and platforms. Corporate horizontal marketing systems involve the collaboration of multiple firms at the same stage of the value chain to increase efficiency or market power.

Forward and Backward Integration Usually Take Place Under Which Marketing