Consumer-generated online marketing efforts to negatively promote brands and companies for which they are non-fans are known as ___________.

Question

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Consumer-generated online marketing efforts to negatively promote brands and companies for which they are non-fans are known as social media marketing. This includes users posting negative reviews, comments, or creating memes to criticize a brand or company. Unlike e-marketing, interactive marketing, and customer relationship management that focus on positive promotion, social media marketing can be used by non-fans to express their dissatisfaction or grievances with the brand.

Consumer-Generated Online Marketing Efforts to Negatively Promote Brands and Companies