Question 1

When selecting measures of association to assess the relationship between variables measured at different levels,social scientists generally choose the measure
A)that is appropriate for the lower of the levels.
B)that is appropriate for the higher of the levels.
C)the measure that makes their results look best.
D)the measure with the highest numerical value.

Accepted Answer

When selecting measures of association, social scientists generally choose the measure that is appropriate for the lower of the levels. This is because variables measured at a higher level are typically aggregates of variables measured at lower levels, and using a measure appropriate for the higher level could lead to a loss of information or a biased estimate of the association. Therefore, it is important to choose a measure that is appropriate for the level of measurement of the variable(s) of interest.

Question 2

A researcher finds that males are much more supportive of cohabitation than females.The phi is 0.25.This is a ____ relationship.
A)moderate
B)negative
C)positive
D)strong

Accepted Answer

The phi coefficient is a measure of association or correlation between two binary variables. It ranges from -1 to 1, with values closer to -1 indicating a negative relationship, values closer to 1 indicating a positive relationship, and values closer to 0 indicating no association. In this case, the phi coefficient is 0.25, which indicates a moderate positive relationship between gender and support for cohabitation. Therefore, the best choice is A) moderate.

Question 3

In a 2x2 table,phi ranges in value from
A)-1.00 to +1.00.
B)0 to 1.00.
C)0 to$\pm$1.00.
D)1 to 100.

Accepted Answer

B

Question 4

As measures of association,phi and Cramer's V are especially useful when
A)an ANOVA test has already been conducted.
B)percentages have not been calculated.
C)cell frequencies are unknown.
D)Chi square has already been calculateD.

Accepted Answer

Phi and Cramer's V are based on the Chi square test statistic and therefore require that Chi square has already been calculated. They are used to measure the strength and direction of association between two categorical variables.

Question 5

A problem with both Cramer's V and phi is that values between 0.00 and 1.00
A)are very rare.
B)are mathematically impossible.
C)can actually indicate negative relationships.
D)can be interpreted only as an index of the relative strength of the association.

Accepted Answer

Both Cramer's V and phi are measures of association that range between 0.00 and 1.00, with higher values indicating stronger association. However, these values cannot be interpreted as probabilities or percentages and do not provide information on the direction of the association. Therefore, they should only be used as a relative index of the strength of the association between two variables.

Question 6

Unlike lambda,phi
A)is computed from percentages.
B)ranges from -1.00 to +1.00.
C)is the square root of Cramer's V.
D)is based on chi square.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Unlike lambda,phi
A)is computed from percentages.
B)ranges from -1.00...

Question 7

When using bivariate tables to investigate association,researchers should always ____ in addition to analyzing measures of association.
A)calculate chi square
B)calculate column percentages
C)conduct an ANOVA test
D)calculate means,standard deviations,and medians

Accepted Answer

When using bivariate tables to investigate association, researchers should always calculate column percentages in addition to analyzing measures of association. Column percentages can provide additional insights into the strength and direction of the association between variables, and can help identify any potential confounding variables that may be influencing the results. While calculating chi square may also be useful, it is not always necessary and may depend on the nature of the research question and data being analyzed. Conducting an ANOVA test or calculating means, standard deviations, and medians are generally not appropriate for bivariate tables as they are measures of central tendency and variability that are more commonly used with continuous data.

Question 8

For a 3x3 table,the appropriate chi square based measure of association would be
A)Cramer's V.
B)phi.
C)lambda.
D)gamma.

Accepted Answer

Cramer's V is the appropriate chi-square based measure of association for a table larger than 2x2, such as a 3x3 table.

Question 9

The strength of an association between variables can be shown by computing phi,a measure that is
A)appropriate for 2x2 tables.
B)relatively easy to calculate.
C)based on chi square.
D)all of the above

Accepted Answer

Phi is appropriate for 2x2 tables, relatively easy to calculate, and based on chi-square. Therefore, all three options listed in the answer choices are correct.

Question 10

Proportional reduction in error (PRE)measures of association are based on the logic of
A)percentages.
B)inference.
C)prediction.
D)zero errors.

Accepted Answer

PRE measures of association are based on the logic of prediction, as they assess how much better one can predict the dependent variable by knowing the independent variable.

Question 11

If you would like to compute a chi-square based measure of association for a 3x4 table,the appropriate measure would be
A)Cramer's V.
B)phi.
C)lambda.
D)the maximum difference.

Accepted Answer

The answer of If you would like to compute a...

Question 12

A study was made of marital satisfaction experienced by men and women.A phi of .07 was calculated for the relationship between gender and satisfaction.This result shows that
A)women experience greater marital satisfaction.
B)men experience greater marital satisfaction.
C)there is a weak relationship between the variables.
D)there is a positive relationship between the variables.

Accepted Answer

A phi coefficient of .07 indicates a weak relationship between gender and marital satisfaction. It does not provide information about which gender experiences greater satisfaction or whether the relationship is positive or negative.

Question 13

Lambda is a PRE measure that is used when variables are measured at the
A)nominal level.
B)ordinal level.
C)interval-ratio level.
D)any of the above

Accepted Answer

Lambda is a measure of association used for variables measured at the nominal level, so the best choice is A. It cannot be used for variables measured at ordinal or interval-ratio levels.

Question 14

For tables larger than 2x2,phi can exceed 1.00.This makes phi
A)useless.
B)difficult to interpret.
C)the best measure of association.
D)preferable to Cramer's V.

Accepted Answer

Phi exceeding 1.00 indicates a problem with interpretation, as a correlation coefficient cannot exceed 1.00 in value. Therefore, phi becomes difficult to interpret in larger tables. However, it is still a useful measure of association for smaller tables. Cramer's V may be a better option for larger tables.

Question 15

Phi and Cramer's V would be appropriate as measures of association for variable measured at the
A)nominal level.
B)ordinal level.
C)interval-ratio level.
D)continuous level.

Accepted Answer

Phi and Cramer's V are appropriate as measures of association for variables measured at the nominal level. These measures are useful for determining the strength and direction of association between two nominal variables. They are often used in fields such as psychology and sociology to analyze survey data, where variables are often nominal in nature.

Question 16

In the formula for Cramer's V,the expression (minimum of r - 1,c - 1)
A)appears in the numerator.
B)tells us to use phi if there are fewer than 3 rows or columns.
C)is in the denominator.
D)is used only for samples larger than 100.

Accepted Answer

The answer of In the formula for Cramer's V,the expression...

Question 17

Cramer's V is
A)used for tables that are larger than 2x2.
B)based on chi square.
C)easy to calculate.
D)all of the above

Accepted Answer

Cramer's V is used for tables that are larger than 2x2, and it is based on chi-square test. In addition, it is relatively easy to calculate. Therefore, all of the above options are correct.

Question 18

A researcher tested the relationship between gender and support for assisted suicide ("death with dignity")and found a Cramer's V of 0.45.This relationship is
A)strong.
B)weak.
C)positive.
D)significant but not important.

Accepted Answer

The answer of A researcher tested the relationship between gender...

Question 19

Cramer's V differs from phi in that it
A)ranges from 0 to -1.00.
B)is computed using the expression (minimum of r - 1,c - 1).
C)can never exceed .80.
D)has only one degree of freedom.

Accepted Answer

Cramer's V is an extension of the phi coefficient for tables larger than 2x2 and is computed using the minimum of (r - 1, c - 1) to adjust for the size of the table.

Question 20

In tables larger than 2x2,the upper limit of phi
A)can be greater than 1.00.
B)can be less than zero.
C)is no more than 0.05.
D)is 100.

Accepted Answer

Phi coefficient is a measure of association between two binary variables in a contingency table. In tables larger than 2x2, the range of phi can vary from -1 to +1. Therefore, the upper limit of phi can be greater than 1.00, but it cannot exceed 1.00.

Quiz 13: Association Between Variables Measured at the Nominal Level

When selecting measures of association to assess the relationship between variables measured at different levels,social scientists generally choose the measure

A researcher finds that males are much more supportive of cohabitation than females.The phi is 0.25.This is a ____ relationship.

In a 2x2 table,phi ranges in value from

As measures of association,phi and Cramer's V are especially useful when

A problem with both Cramer's V and phi is that values between 0.00 and 1.00

Unlike lambda,phi

When using bivariate tables to investigate association,researchers should always ____ in addition to analyzing measures of association.

For a 3x3 table,the appropriate chi square based measure of association would be

The strength of an association between variables can be shown by computing phi,a measure that is

Proportional reduction in error (PRE) measures of association are based on the logic of

If you would like to compute a chi-square based measure of association for a 3x4 table,the appropriate measure would be

A study was made of marital satisfaction experienced by men and women.A phi of .07 was calculated for the relationship between gender and satisfaction.This result shows that

Lambda is a PRE measure that is used when variables are measured at the

For tables larger than 2x2,phi can exceed 1.00.This makes phi

Phi and Cramer's V would be appropriate as measures of association for variable measured at the

In the formula for Cramer's V,the expression (minimum of r - 1,c - 1)

Cramer's V is

A researcher tested the relationship between gender and support for assisted suicide ("death with dignity") and found a Cramer's V of 0.45.This relationship is

Cramer's V differs from phi in that it

In tables larger than 2x2,the upper limit of phi