Economists Fryer and Loury Argued That Affirmative Action

Economists Fryer and Loury argued that affirmative action

A) necessarily undermines minorities' incentive to invest in their own education.
B) "color-blind" proxies for race easily achieve diversity without reference to race itself.
C) is the reason so many white males are passed over for promotion in favor of minorities.
D) can increase minorities' prospective return on any investment in their own education.