Economists Fryer and Loury Argued That Affirmative Action

Economists Fryer and Loury argued that affirmative action

A) has actually reduced the graduation and bar passage rates of African American law students.
B) necessarily undermines minorities' incentive to invest in their own education.
C) is the reason so many white males are passed over for promotion in favor of minorities.
D) "color-blind" proxies for race easily achieve diversity without reference to race itself.