Question 1

In ANOVA, which of the following conditions implies that the chances of the differences being statistically significant are greater?
A)When the variance within groups approaches unity
B)When the variance across groups is very low
C)When the variance across groups is significantly higher compared to that within groups
D)When the variance across groups is significantly lower compared to that within groups
E)When the variance across groups is the same as that within groups

Accepted Answer

In ANOVA, a higher variance between groups compared to within groups suggests that the group means are different, increasing the likelihood of statistically significant differences.

Question 2

Which of the following statements is true regarding choosing appropriate statistical techniques?
A)When researchers need to examine multiple variables, a bivariate statistical technique is required.
B)With nominal data, the mean is most appropriate measure of central tendency.
C)Parametric statistics are appropriate when the data is measured using an interval or ratio scale and the sample size is large.
D)Nonparametric statistics are used in the case of a normal distribution.
E)When data is measured using an ordinal or nominal scale it is generally appropriate to use parametric statistics.

Accepted Answer

Parametric statistics are appropriate when the data is measured using an interval or ratio scale and the sample size is large. This is because they rely on the assumption that the data follows a normal distribution, and larger sample sizes increase the likelihood that the data is normally distributed. Nonparametric statistics are used when the normality assumption is violated, such as with ordinal or nominal data, or with smaller sample sizes. Bivariate statistical techniques are used when examining the relationship between two variables, but this may not be necessary when examining multiple variables. The mean is not an appropriate measure of central tendency for nominal data, as there is no inherent order to the categories.

Question 3

Variance is:
A)the average squared deviations about the mean of a distribution of values.
B)an empirically testable statement that is an unproven supposition developed in order to explain phenomena.
C)a statement that asserts the status quo; that is, any change from what has been thought to be true is due to random sampling order.
D)a statement that is the opposite of the null hypothesis.
E)the error made by rejecting the null hypothesis when it is true.

Accepted Answer

Variance is a statistical measure that tells how far a set of numbers are from their average value. It is defined as the average squared deviations about the mean of a distribution of values. Option B refers to a hypothesis, option C refers to a null hypothesis, option D refers to an alternative hypothesis, and option E refers to Type I error in hypothesis testing.

Question 4

Which of the following measures is especially useful when dealing with ordinal data and data that is skewed to either the right or left?
A)Mean
B)Median
C)Mode
D)Standard deviation
E)Variance

Accepted Answer

The median is the best choice for dealing with ordinal data and data that is skewed to either the right or left. The median is not affected by extreme values or outliers, and it can provide more accurate information about the central tendency of the data. The mean is affected by extreme values/outliers, while the mode is not as useful for ordinal data and is not always applicable. The standard deviation and variance are measures of variability and are less useful when dealing with ordinal data.

Question 5

Assume that the mean of a distribution is ten and standard deviation is 2. If we subtracted each value in that distribution from the mean and added them up, the result would be close to:
A)100
B)2
C)50
D)0
E)200

Accepted Answer

The sum of the deviations from the mean always equals zero, regardless of the distribution's mean or standard deviation. This is a fundamental property of statistics, known as the "sum of deviations from the mean equals zero." Thus, the answer is D, which corresponds to zero.

Question 6

When male students are compared to female students on the average number of hours they study each weekday, this is an example of:
A)independent samples.
B)dependent samples.
C)related samples.
D)random groups.
E)paired samples.

Accepted Answer

Male students and female students are not related or paired in any way, and their studying habits are independent of one another. Therefore, this is an example of independent samples.

Question 7

A researcher is told that the average age of respondents in a survey is 49 years. She is interested in finding out if most respondents are close to 49 years or not. The measure most appropriate to answer this question is:
A)mean.
B)median.
C)mode.
D)range.
E)standard deviation.

Accepted Answer

Standard deviation measures the dispersion or spread of data points around the mean, indicating how close most respondents are to the average age of 49 years.

Question 8

In a one-way ANOVA, the term one-way is used because:
A)the differences are always positive because they are all squared before being added.
B)the F-statistic can move in only one direction.
C)only one independent variable is used in the analysis.
D)only one mean is used as the null hypothesis.
E)the null hypothesis always states that there is no difference between the dependent variable groups.

Accepted Answer

One-way ANOVA only uses one independent variable in the analysis, which is why it is called "one-way." The term has nothing to do with the direction of the F-statistic or the nature of the null hypothesis, and it is not true that differences are always positive or that the null hypothesis always states there is no difference.

Question 9

In a survey of 400 respondents, 180 indicated their gender as males and 200 indicated their gender as females. Twenty respondents did not fill out any value for gender. When doing a frequency count on gender, the percentage column and the valid percentage column for males would be:
A)45% and 50%
B)50% and 50%
C)45% and 47.4%
D)47.4% and 45%
E)47.4% and 50%

Accepted Answer

To calculate the percentage of males:
Total males = 180
Total respondents (excluding missing values) = 400 - 20 = 380
Percentage of males = (180/380) x 100 = 47.4%

To calculate the valid percentage of males:
Total males = 180
Total respondents (excluding missing values) = 400 - 20 - 20 (missing gender values) = 360
Valid percentage of males = (180/360) x 100 = 50%

Therefore, the correct choice is C.

Question 10

Which of the following statements about the Chi-square test is false?
A)When the differences between observed and expected frequencies are large, one must accept the null hypothesis.
B)The larger the Chi-square, the more related the two variables are.
C)The expected frequencies are theoretically calculated.
D)The Chi-square test is also called a "goodness of fit" test.
E)Chi-square analysis works best with data that are measured on a nominal scale.

Accepted Answer

When the differences between observed and expected frequencies are large, one must reject the null hypothesis. The null hypothesis states that there is no significant difference between the observed and expected frequencies, and rejecting it implies that there is a significant difference.

Question 11

Under which of the following conditions is the null hypothesis rejected most strongly?
A)F ratio = 0.01
B)F ratio = 0.05
C)F ratio = 1.0
D)F ratio = 1.5
E)F ratio = 5.0

Accepted Answer

The larger the F ratio, the greater the difference between the groups being compared and the stronger the evidence against the null hypothesis. An F ratio of 5.0 indicates a large difference between the means and provides strong evidence to reject the null hypothesis.

Question 12

The difference between a particular response and the distribution mean is called a(n):
A)deviation.
B)standard deviation.
C)variance.
D)ANOVA.
E)MANOVA.

Accepted Answer

The difference between a particular response and the distribution mean is called a deviation. Standard deviation is a measure of how spread out the data is from the mean, variance is the average squared differences from the mean, ANOVA (analysis of variance) is a statistical method used to compare means of two or more groups, and MANOVA (multivariate analysis of variance) is used to compare means of two or more groups with multiple dependent variables.

Question 13

Which test is especially useful when the sample size is less than 30 and the population standard deviation is unknown?
A)t-test
B)z-test
C)ANOVA
D)F-test
E)n-way ANOVA

Accepted Answer

The t-test is especially useful when the sample size is less than 30 and the population standard deviation is unknown.

Question 14

The minimum and maximum values for five datasets are given below. Pick the pair that has the maximum range.
A)3 and 39
B)30 and 40
C)500 and 501
D)49 and 59
E)1029 and 1049

Accepted Answer

The answer of The minimum and maximum values for five...

Question 15

Which of the following statements is false regarding hypotheses?
A)Hypotheses may be derived from previous research, theory, or the current business situation.
B)A hypothesis is an unproven supposition.
C)Hypotheses are developed prior to data collection.
D)The alternative hypothesis states that there is a difference between group means.
E)The null hypothesis is typically not tested.

Accepted Answer

The statement "The null hypothesis is typically not tested" is false. The null hypothesis is always tested in statistical hypothesis testing.

Question 16

If consumers rate price at a McDonald's restaurant on a 7-point scale using 1 for Unsatisfactory and 7 for Satisfactory, a mean score of 2.34 would be interpreted as:
A)a satisfactory price.
B)a very satisfactory price.
C)a neutral price.
D)an unsatisfactory price.
E)an average price.

Accepted Answer

A mean score of 2.34 on a 7-point scale would be considered low, indicating that consumers find the price unsatisfactory. Therefore, the correct choice is D - an unsatisfactory price.

Question 17

When comparing means from independent samples, one needs to test if the variances of the two samples are equal or not. In order to test for the equivalence of variance, one can do which of the following tests?
A)t-test
B)Levene's test
C)Paired sample t-test
D)Independent sample t-test
E)ANOVA

Accepted Answer

Levene's test is commonly used to test for the equivalence of variance between independent samples. The other tests listed are not appropriate for testing variance equivalence.

Question 18

Which of the following statements is false about cross-tabulation?
A)It is the primary form of data analysis in some marketing research projects.
B)It is used to determine if differences exist among sub-groups of the total sample.
C)Generally speaking, demographic variables are used as rows and other research variables are used as columns in a cross-tab.
D)It reports both absolute frequencies as well as percentages.
E)The selection of variables for a cross-tab should be driven by the objectives of the research study.

Accepted Answer

Demographic variables can be used as rows or columns in a cross-tab, depending on the research objective and the variables being analyzed. It is not necessary for demographic variables to always be used as rows.

Question 19

If a marketing manager wants to be 95 percent certain of a result in a statistical test, the significance level should be set at:
A)0.95
B)0.02
C)0.03
D)0.04
E)0.05

Accepted Answer

The significance level is the probability of rejecting the null hypothesis when it is actually true. A significance level of 0.05 means that there is a 5% chance of rejecting the null hypothesis when it is actually true. To be 95% certain of a result in a statistical test, the significance level should be set at 0.05.

Question 20

Which of the following statements is false?
A)A population parameter is a measured characteristic of an entire population.
B)In order to assess the validity of their findings, researchers compare the value of their sample statistic to the corresponding population parameter.
C)Generally, the actual population parameters are unknown.
D)The cost of finding the population parameter is prohibitive for most populations.
E)A sample is subset of the population.

Accepted Answer

In order to assess the validity of their findings, researchers compare the value of their sample statistic to the corresponding population parameter. This statement is false because researchers compare the value of their sample statistic to the corresponding population parameter to estimate the population parameter, not to assess the validity of their findings.

Quiz 11: Basic Data Analysis for Quantitative Research

In ANOVA, which of the following conditions implies that the chances of the differences being statistically significant are greater?

Which of the following statements is true regarding choosing appropriate statistical techniques?

Variance is:

Which of the following measures is especially useful when dealing with ordinal data and data that is skewed to either the right or left?

Assume that the mean of a distribution is ten and standard deviation is 2. If we subtracted each value in that distribution from the mean and added them up, the result would be close to:

When male students are compared to female students on the average number of hours they study each weekday, this is an example of:

A researcher is told that the average age of respondents in a survey is 49 years. She is interested in finding out if most respondents are close to 49 years or not. The measure most appropriate to answer this question is:

In a one-way ANOVA, the term one-way is used because:

In a survey of 400 respondents, 180 indicated their gender as males and 200 indicated their gender as females. Twenty respondents did not fill out any value for gender. When doing a frequency count on gender, the percentage column and the valid percentage column for males would be:

Which of the following statements about the Chi-square test is false?

Under which of the following conditions is the null hypothesis rejected most strongly?

The difference between a particular response and the distribution mean is called a(n) :

Which test is especially useful when the sample size is less than 30 and the population standard deviation is unknown?

The minimum and maximum values for five datasets are given below. Pick the pair that has the maximum range.

Which of the following statements is false regarding hypotheses?

If consumers rate price at a McDonald's restaurant on a 7-point scale using 1 for Unsatisfactory and 7 for Satisfactory, a mean score of 2.34 would be interpreted as:

When comparing means from independent samples, one needs to test if the variances of the two samples are equal or not. In order to test for the equivalence of variance, one can do which of the following tests?

Which of the following statements is false about cross-tabulation?

If a marketing manager wants to be 95 percent certain of a result in a statistical test, the significance level should be set at:

Which of the following statements is false?