The instability faced in the West by the mid-seventh century may be attributed to:

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All of these factors contributed to the instability faced by the West in the mid-seventh century. Justinian's failed efforts to reconquer the western empire left it vulnerable to other invaders, such as Muslim raiders who disrupted trade routes. Excessive taxes on agricultural lands made it difficult for peasants to maintain their livelihoods, which led to social unrest. The increasing inability of aristocrats to give lavish gifts also contributed to social and political instability.

The Instability Faced in the West by the Mid-Seventh Century