The Amount of Value Created by a Firm Is Measured

The amount of value created by a firm is measured by:

A) calculating the difference between the previous year's profitability and the current year's profitability.
B) dividing the market price of its products by the price that customers are actually willing to pay.
C) estimating the difference between its costs of production and the value that consumers perceive in its products.
D) dividing the net profits of the firm by total invested capital.