Question 1

Which of the following principles is common to all the psychodynamic perspectives?

Accepted Answer

Psychodynamic perspectives share the principle that understanding personality development is crucial for comprehending human behavior. They emphasize the influence of early life experiences and the developmental stages on personality formation.

Question 2

Which of the following behaviors is typical of a person fixated at the oral stage of development and using the defense mechanism of reaction formation?

Accepted Answer

A person fixated at the oral stage might have an underlying desire for oral activities, such as eating or drinking. Reaction formation involves behaving in a way opposite to one's true desires, so disliking milk could be a reaction formation to an underlying oral fixation.

Question 3

According to Freud's stages of psychosexual development, which of the following best indicates that 23-year-old Elliot is fixated at the phallic stage?

Accepted Answer

According to Freud's theory, the phallic stage occurs during ages 3-6 and is when children become aware of their genitals and experience the Oedipus or Electra complex. If fixated at this stage, an individual may exhibit behaviors such as being overtly flirtatious or having a preoccupation with sexual themes. Therefore, Elliot's behavior of being overtly flirtatious suggests fixation at the phallic stage. The other choices do not correspond to behaviors associated with the phallic stage.

Question 4

According to Freud's stages of psychosexual development, which of the following statements best indicates that 30-year-old Gayle is fixated at the oral stage?

Accepted Answer

According to Freud, the oral stage occurs from birth to 18 months and is characterized by a focus on the mouth and the pleasure gained from oral activities such as sucking and chewing. A fixation at this stage can lead to oral-related behaviors such as smoking, overeating, or nail-biting. Therefore, Gayle being addicted to smoking cigarettes is the best indication that he may be fixated at the oral stage.

Question 5

Ethan is short and thin.Although he's not very strong or athletic, he excels in academics and has a great sense of humor.According to Adler, Ethan's attempts to overcome physical weaknesses by developing strengths in other areas are an example of

Accepted Answer

Compensation refers to overcoming perceived weaknesses by developing strengths in other areas. In this case, Ethan is compensating for his lack of physical abilities by excelling academically and having a great sense of humor.

Question 6

According to Jung, the collective unconscious contains

Accepted Answer

Jung believed that the collective unconscious contains archetypes which are universal, inherited, and symbolic patterns or images that represent aspects of the human experience. Examples of archetypes include the shadow, the anima/animus, and the self. B, C, and D are not associated with Jung's concept of the collective unconscious.

Question 7

Catherine, a 15-year-old, has an elder sister and a younger sister.According to Adler, which of the following is most applicable to Catherine in the context of birth order?

Accepted Answer

According to Adler, birth order can influence a person's personality and behavior. As the middle child, Catherine is likely to feel ignored or overshadowed by her elder sister and may strive to emulate her to gain attention and approval. This could lead to a drive for success and achievement. However, there is no evidence to suggest that Catherine is more likely to suffer from a psychological disorder or engage in petty crimes.

Question 8

Which of the following is true of Horney's sociocultural approach?

Accepted Answer

Horney's sociocultural approach emphasized the role of societal pressures and cultural expectations in shaping an individual's personality development. She believed that achieving psychological health involves being able to express one's unique talents and abilities freely and in alignment with their own values and goals. This differs from Freud's emphasis on anatomical factors such as the penis and reproductive organs, which Horney rejected in favor of a more holistic approach to personality development. Additionally, Horney did not believe that women experienced penis envy, contradicting one of Freud's most famous theories.

Question 9

Alfred Adler believed that birth order

Accepted Answer

Alfred Adler believed that birth order influenced how successfully a person strived for superiority. He believed that first-borns were more likely to strive for superiority due to their early experiences of being dethroned by a younger sibling, while later-borns were more likely to strive for success in areas where they could excel over their older siblings. However, this does not mean that birth order necessarily put first-borns at an advantage or doomed anyone. Sensitivity of parenting may play a role in shaping a child's personality, but it is not the only factor that influences birth order effects.

Question 10

Gladys is a therapist who is constantly reminding her clients that people have a natural capacity for personal growth and positive qualities.Gladys likely endorses the _____ of personality.

Accepted Answer

Gladys's emphasis on an individual's natural capacity for growth and positive qualities aligns with the basic principles of the humanistic perspective of personality. The other perspectives (psychodynamic, learning, and trait) do not place as much emphasis on an individual's inherent potential for growth and development.

Question 11

According to Jung, the deepest, impersonal layer of the conscious mind that is shared by all humans because of their common ancestral past is called the

Accepted Answer

The term used by Jung for the deepest, impersonal layer of the conscious mind that is shared by all humans because of their common ancestral past is the collective unconscious. Option A is incorrect because primal memory is not a term used by Jung. Option B is incorrect because the id is a term used in Freudian psychology to refer to the unconscious instincts and desires that motivate behavior. Option D is also incorrect because the normative unconscious is not a term used in Jungian psychology.

Question 12

Freud's view of anatomy as destiny was criticized by Karen Horney primarily for

Accepted Answer

Karen Horney was a prominent critic of Freudian theory and believed that anatomy was not destiny. She argued that social and cultural factors, such as parental influence and societal expectations, played a much greater role in shaping personality development than biological factors like gender. Therefore, the critique primarily focused on Freud's exclusion of sociocultural influences.

Question 13

Adler's view that people are motivated by purposes and goals and that perfection, not pleasure, is thus the key motivator in human life is known as

Accepted Answer

Adler's view that people are motivated by purposes and goals and that perfection, not pleasure, is the key motivator in human life is known as individual psychology. Humanistic theory focuses on a person's capacity for self-actualization and personal growth, while trait theory examines personality characteristics and how they influence behavior. Social cognitive theory emphasizes the role of cognitive and environmental factors in shaping behavior.

Question 14

Freud believed that the prime motive in human existence is _____, Karen Horney believed that the prime motive in human existence is _____.

Accepted Answer

Freud believed that the prime motive in human existence is sex, as part of his psychoanalytic theory which emphasizes the importance of sexual desire as a driving force in human behavior. Karen Horney, on the other hand, believed that security was the prime motive in human existence, challenging Freud's emphasis on sexual motives and instead focusing on the importance of social relationships and cultural influences.

Question 15

Alfred Adler would be most likely to endorse which of the following explanations for human behavior?

Accepted Answer

Adler believed that people are primarily motivated by purposes and goals, specifically striving for superiority or success in achieving personal goals.

Question 16

According to Horney, women might envy the penis but what they really want is

Accepted Answer

Horney suggested that what women might envy is not the penis itself but the social power and opportunities afforded to men, hence the status bestowed to those who have one.

Question 17

Which of the following statements was made by Freud's critics on his ideas about sexuality, early experience, social factors, and the unconscious mind?

Accepted Answer

Freud's critics argued that the first five years of life are not as determinative in shaping adult personality as he proposed, suggesting that later experiences also play a significant role.

Question 18

Which of the following is true of Adler's individual psychology?

Accepted Answer

Adler believed that people have the ability to take their genetic inheritance and transform or transcend it, as opposed to being bound by it. He also believed that compensation (efforts to overcome feelings of inferiority) is a normal and necessary aspect of human development. Adler did not view pleasure as the key motivator in human life and did not use the terms anima and animus to describe archetypes (these terms were coined by Carl Jung).

Question 19

At home Carrie was moody, self-centered, and bossy.At social events, Carrie was the life of the party.She was funny, happy, and demonstrated social graces that none of her family ever saw at home.What is Jung's explanation of Carrie's behavior?

Accepted Answer

Carrie adopted her persona at parties, according to Jung, which means she presented a social mask that conformed to societal expectations and differed from her private self.

Question 20

Jung used the term _____ to refer to the "feminine" side of our personality and the term _____ to refer to the "masculine" side of our personality.

Accepted Answer

Jung referred to the "feminine" side of our personality as the anima and the "masculine" side as the animus.

Quiz 10: Personality