Question 1

Which of the following indicates cognition in early adulthood?

Accepted Answer

In early adulthood, individuals tend to become more realistic in their thinking, integrating practical considerations with abstract reasoning.

Question 2

Juliet refuses to go to the dance because she has just developed a pimple on her chin, and she is sure everyone will talk about it behind her back.Her behavior illustrates

Accepted Answer

Juliet's belief that everyone will talk about her pimple behind her back is an example of adolescent egocentrism, which is the belief that one's own experiences, thoughts, and feelings are unique and that others are preoccupied with them.

Question 3

Which of the following most accurately describes Ainsworth's strange situation test used to measure children's attachment?

Accepted Answer

Ainsworth's strange situation test involves the caregiver leaving the infant alone with a stranger for a short period of time and then returning. This is meant to assess the infant's reaction to separation and reunion with the caregiver, which can indicate their attachment style. Option A is incorrect because in the strange situation test, strangers enter the room but the caregiver and infant are already present. Option C is incorrect because the stranger does not take the infant away from the caregiver in this test. Option D is also incorrect because hiding a toy is not part of the strange situation test.

Question 4

According to Erikson's theory of socioemotional development, _____ is the best way to build an infant's sense of trust.

Accepted Answer

According to Erikson's theory, trust is built when an infant is able to establish a sense of predictability and safety in the world. This can be achieved through consistent and responsive caregiving, which helps the infant feel secure and trusting in their relationships with others. Encouraging object permanence, discouraging egocentrism, and engaging in authoritarian parenting are not directly related to building a sense of trust in infants.

Question 5

The strange situation test is used to assess an infant's

Accepted Answer

The strange situation test is a standardized procedure used to measure an infant's attachment style, specifically their response to separations and reunions with their caregiver. It does not measure cognitive development, moral development, or resilience.

Question 6

The work of Harry Harlow established that

Accepted Answer

Harlow's research with rhesus monkeys showed that contact comfort (the need for physical contact and warmth) was more important than feeding in the process of attachment. This contradicted the prevailing belief at the time that infants became attached to their caregiver primarily because of the feeding they provided. Harlow's work revolutionized our understanding of the importance of early social experience in development and challenged the traditional thinking about the nature of attachment.

Question 7

One of the most important criticisms of Piaget's theory of cognitive development is that

Accepted Answer

Recent research has suggested that Piaget's theory may have underestimated the abilities of infants and overestimated the abilities of adults. For example, infants are now thought to have more sophisticated perceptual abilities than Piaget believed, and adults may continue to develop cognitively beyond the formal operational stage as Piaget suggested.

Question 8

The term _____ refers to an individual's behavioral style and characteristic way of responding.

Accepted Answer

Temperament refers to an individual's behavioral style and innate characteristic way of responding. Schemas are mental frameworks for organizing information, generativity refers to the ability to contribute to society and future generations, and assimilation refers to the process of fitting new information into existing cognitive frameworks.

Question 9

According to Erikson's theory of socioemotional development, the first 18 months of life are devoted to mastering which developmental task?

Accepted Answer

According to Erikson's theory of socioemotional development, the first 18 months of life are devoted to mastering the developmental task of trust vs. mistrust. During this period, infants learn to trust or mistrust their caregivers and the world around them based on the consistency and responsiveness of their caregivers.

Question 10

The sense of _____ is the most dangerous aspect of adolescent egocentrism.

Accepted Answer

The sense of invincibility is the most dangerous aspect of adolescent egocentrism because it can lead to reckless behavior and a belief that nothing bad can happen to them, which can result in serious consequences such as accidents, injuries, and even death. Underestimation, vulnerability, and assimilation are also aspects of adolescent egocentrism, but they are not as directly dangerous as the sense of invincibility.

Question 11

Chloe is a baby who cries a lot.She does not eat or sleep on a regular schedule and she often has difficulty adapting to new experiences.Psychologists would say that Chloe's temperament can be described as

Accepted Answer

A baby who cries a lot and has difficulty adapting to new experiences is showing signs of a difficult temperament. This temperament is characterized by irregular eating and sleeping schedules, as well as a generally negative mood.

Question 12

Which of the following is a difference between older and younger adults?

Accepted Answer

Younger adults generally have better performance in various aspects of memory, such as working memory and episodic memory, compared to older adults. This is due to age-related cognitive decline that affects memory processes.

Question 13

Sammy is in third grade.When he won the spelling bee, he felt proud of his accomplishment.But when he could not complete his arithmetic assignment on time, he felt incompetent.Which of Erikson's developmental stages does this reflect?

Accepted Answer

The situation described reflects Erikson's stage of industry vs. inferiority, which typically occurs during elementary school years. Sammy's sense of pride after winning the spelling bee suggests an emerging sense of industry, or the feeling of competence and ability to learn and succeed in a specific area. However, his feelings of incompetence when he couldn't finish his assignment on time suggest a fear of inferiority, or a sense of not being able to keep up with expectations and falling short. This stage is important in developing a sense of self-esteem and competence, which will continue to impact future stages of development.

Question 14

Juan is a child with low activity level and tends to withdraw from new situations.He is inflexible, and displays low mood intensity.Juan is said to have what type of temperament?

Accepted Answer

The characteristics described in the scenario (low activity level, withdrawal from new situations, inflexibility, and low mood intensity) are consistent with the slow-to-warm-up temperament. This temperament is characterized by a need for familiarity and a slow approach to new people and situations.

Question 15

Some researchers disagree with the notion that the labels "easy," "difficult," and "slow-to-warm-up" are the best way to conceptualize temperament.These psychologists argue that _____ are the core dimensions of temperament.

Accepted Answer

Self-regulation (the ability to control one's own behavior and emotions), inhibition (the ability to stop oneself from acting impulsively), and negative affectivity (the tendency to experience negative emotions) are considered by some researchers to be the core dimensions of temperament, rather than the broad categories of "easy," "difficult," and "slow-to-warm-up." These dimensions are thought to be more specific and measurable, and they may be useful in predicting a child's future behavior and developmental outcomes.

Question 16

Schaie's longitudinal study of intellectual abilities showed that _____ is the period when most people reach their peak for many intellectual skills.

Accepted Answer

Schaie's longitudinal study found that middle adulthood is the period when most people reach their peak for many intellectual skills, including verbal ability, spatial orientation, and inductive reasoning. However, it is important to note that different individuals may peak at different times and that intellectual abilities can also be influenced by environmental factors such as education and life experiences.

Question 17

Tanya, a 14-year-old girl, thinks that she is unique and assumes that others at school notice everything about her.She is very confident and takes extra care of her looks.In this scenario, Tanya is exhibiting adolescent

Accepted Answer

Tanya's belief that others at school notice everything about her and her emphasis on taking care of her looks suggest that she is exhibiting egocentrism, which is a common characteristic of adolescent development. Adolescents often have a heightened self-consciousness and may believe that their experiences and feelings are unique or better than those of others.

Question 18

A 13-year-old breaks up with his first girlfriend and he is very upset.No one can console him, because he believes that no one else has ever been hurt as badly as he has.The boy's beliefs are consistent with

Accepted Answer

Adolescent egocentrism is the tendency for adolescents to focus solely on their own experiences and perspective. The boy's belief that no one else has ever been hurt as badly as he has is an example of this kind of thinking. This is likely his first experience with the end of a romantic relationship, and he may not yet have developed the ability to understand that others have also gone through similar experiences.

Question 19

Infants who display secure attachment

Accepted Answer

Infants who display secure attachment use their caregiver as a secure base from which to explore the environment. They feel safe and secure in their caregiver's presence and use them as a source of support and comfort, which allows them to confidently explore their surroundings. They may show some distress when their caregiver leaves, but they are easily comforted upon their return.

Question 20

What did Harry Harlow demonstrate in his classic study of attachment amongst baby monkeys?

Accepted Answer

In his classic study, Harry Harlow demonstrated that the baby monkeys were more attached to the artificial mothers that were warm and soft, rather than the ones that provided milk. This showed that attachment was not solely based on the fulfillment of basic needs such as hunger, but rather on the emotional comfort provided by a caregiver.

Quiz 8: Human Development