Question 1

Dr.Cardinale is interested in the effects of heredity and environment on intelligence.She compares the similarity of IQ scores of identical twins to the similarity of IQ scores of fraternal twins.In this case, Dr.Cardinale is studying heredity's influence on behavior using

Accepted Answer

Dr. Cardinale is studying the effects of heredity and environment on intelligence, which falls under the realm of behavior genetics. Comparing the IQ scores of identical twins (who share 100% of their genetic makeup) to fraternal twins (who share approximately 50% of their genetic makeup) can help her determine to what extent genetics influences IQ. Human genome and molecular genetics focus more on the study of specific genes and their effects, while selective breeding is a term used in animal breeding, not relevant to this scenario.

Question 2

_____ is a complex molecule in the cell's chromosomes that carries genetic information.

Accepted Answer

DNA is a complex molecule in the cell's chromosomes that carries genetic information. RNA is involved in the synthesis of proteins but does not carry genetic information. Ribosomes and polysomes are structures involved in protein synthesis, but do not carry genetic information.

Question 3

When the axons of healthy neurons adjacent to damaged cells grow new branches, _____ has occurred.

Accepted Answer

Collateral sprouting is the process of adjacent healthy neurons growing new branches to replace the function of damaged cells. Neurogenesis refers to the formation of new neurons, while synaptic pruning is the process of eliminating unnecessary or unused synapses. Substitution of function is not a specific process related to neuronal growth.

Question 4

Which of the following organs are involved in men's and women's sexual development and reproduction?

Accepted Answer

The testes are the male reproductive organs that produce sperm and the hormone testosterone, while the ovaries are the female reproductive organs that produce eggs and the hormones estrogen and progesterone. The adrenal glands, pituitary glands, and pancreas do have important roles in regulating hormones and bodily functions, but they are not specifically involved in sexual development and reproduction.

Question 5

The endocrine system

Accepted Answer

The endocrine system consists of glands, such as the pituitary, thyroid, and adrenal glands, that release hormones into the bloodstream to regulate the activities of certain organs. It does not directly control complex mental functions or connect the brain and spinal cord to the rest of the body. The release of neurotransmitters is a function of the nervous system, not the endocrine system.

Question 6

_____ are secreted by the adrenal glands.

Accepted Answer

Epinephrine and norepinephrine are both secreted by the adrenal glands, specifically the medulla. They are responsible for the "fight or flight" response in the body and can increase heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing rate. Estrogen and testosterone are produced by the ovaries and testes, respectively, and acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter.

Question 7

_____ involves the manipulation of genes using technology to determine their effect on behavior.

Accepted Answer

Molecular genetics involves manipulating genes using technology to determine their effect on behavior. This can be done through techniques such as gene editing or gene expression analysis. Selective breeding and genome-wide association methods involve studying the genetic basis of behavior, but do not necessarily involve manipulating genes. Behavior genetics refers to the study of the genetic and environmental influences on behavior, but does not specifically involve the manipulation of genes.

Question 8

Neurosurgeons can reduce the unbearable seizures some epileptics experience by severing the

Accepted Answer

Neurosurgeons can reduce the unbearable seizures some epileptics experience by severing the corpus callosum - a band of fibers that connects the two hemispheres of the brain. This procedure is known as a corpus callosotomy and it helps prevent the spread of seizures from one hemisphere to the other. Seizures are electrical disturbances in the brain that can cause a wide range of symptoms, including convulsions, loss of consciousness, and sensory disturbances. Severing the corpus callosum can help reduce the severity and frequency of seizures in some patients, but it can also cause some side effects such as speech and communication problems in some people.

Question 9

The left hemisphere of the brain plays an important role in managing or regulating

Accepted Answer

The left hemisphere of the brain is known to be dominant in language processing, including speech production and comprehension, as well as grammar and syntax.

Question 10

Ellie has recently experienced irregular mood swings.Her energy level has decreased and she seems to have greater difficulty coping with stress.Based on her symptoms, it seems as though Ellie may have problems with her _____ glands.

Accepted Answer

The adrenal glands are responsible for producing hormones such as cortisol, which helps regulate stress responses and energy levels. Irregular mood swings, decreased energy, and difficulty coping with stress are all potential symptoms of adrenal gland dysfunction. The other gland options listed (pituitary, pineal, and thymus) do not have as direct a connection to these particular symptoms.

Question 11

_____ is a genetic method in which organisms are chosen for reproduction based on how much of a particular trait they display.

Accepted Answer

Selective breeding, also known as artificial selection, is a genetic method in which organisms with desirable traits are chosen for reproduction in order to increase the prevalence of those traits in the population. This process is often used in agriculture to produce crops and livestock with desirable characteristics, but it can also be used in laboratory settings to study the genetics of particular traits.

Question 12

Which of the following play(s) an important role in insulin production, metabolism, and body weight?

Accepted Answer

The pancreas plays an important role in insulin production, metabolism, and body weight. It produces insulin, which helps regulate blood sugar levels and metabolism. Deficiencies in insulin production or function can lead to conditions such as diabetes and obesity. The other options listed do not play a significant role in these processes.

Question 13

When Charlie was three years old, he fell off the slide at the playground and damaged the left hemisphere of his brain.Despite this injury, as Charlie grew older he still retained some of his language abilities because the right hemisphere of his brain took control over the language function.Which of the following mechanisms of brain-damage repair is apparent in this example?

Accepted Answer

The mechanism of substitution of function is apparent in this example, as the right hemisphere of the brain took control over the language function after the left hemisphere was damaged in the accident.

Question 14

Genes

Accepted Answer

Genes are responsible for manufacturing the proteins necessary for maintaining life. They consist of segments of DNA that are transcribed into RNA and then translated into proteins. Proteins are essential for a wide variety of cellular functions, including cell structure, metabolism, and signaling. Therefore, C is the best choice.

A is incorrect because genes consist of segments of DNA, not ribosomes composed of RNA. 
B is incorrect because genes do not match and link small pieces of RNA, although RNA molecules can sometimes interact with and regulate gene expression. 
D is incorrect because genes often act in concert with other genes to regulate cellular processes.

Question 15

_____ is a term used to describe the influences of multiple genes on behavior.

Accepted Answer

Polygenic inheritance refers to the influence of multiple genes on a particular trait or behavior, such as intelligence or personality. This is in contrast to traits that are determined by a single gene, known as Mendelian inheritance. Sequencing refers to the process of determining the order of nucleotides in a DNA molecule. Phenotype refers to the observable physical or behavioral characteristics of an individual, while genotype refers to an individual's genetic makeup.

Question 16

In the context of brain-tissue implants, what is unique about stem cells?

Accepted Answer

Stem cells are unique because they have the ability to differentiate into many different types of cells, including brain cells. This makes them a promising candidate for brain tissue implants, as they can potentially replace damaged or lost brain cells. Stem cells also have the ability to self-renew, meaning they can divide and create new stem cells, which increases their potential for long-term survival and effectiveness in the body.

Question 17

The _____ is sometimes referred to as the "master gland" because almost all of its hormones direct the activity of target glands elsewhere.

Accepted Answer

The anterior pituitary gland is referred to as the "master gland" because almost all of its hormones (e.g. growth hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone) direct the activity of target glands elsewhere (e.g. thyroid gland, adrenal gland, ovaries, testes). The other choices (anterior thyroid gland, posterior adrenal gland, posterior parathyroid gland) do not have the same widespread influence on the activities of other glands.

Question 18

The chemical messengers produced by the endocrine glands are known as

Accepted Answer

The chemical messengers produced by the endocrine glands are known as hormones. Neurotransmitters are produced by nerve cells to transmit signals to other nerve, muscle, or gland cells. Axons are long, slender projections of nerve cells that conduct electrical impulses away from the cell body. Stem cells are unspecialized cells that can differentiate into various types of cells in the body.

Question 19

In the human cell, threadlike structures that come in 23 pairs, one member of each pair originating from each parent, and that contain DNA are called

Accepted Answer

Chromosomes are threadlike structures in the human cell that contain DNA and come in pairs, with one member of each pair originating from each parent. Ergosomes, ribosomes, and polysomes are all different structures within the cell that serve different functions.

Question 20

Which of the following is true about neurogenesis?

Accepted Answer

Researchers have documented neurogenesis in only two brain regions; the hippocampus and the olfactory bulb. Neurogenesis has been observed in various animal species, including humans.

(answer choices A and D are incorrect as neurogenesis can occur in human adults and exercise actually increases neurogenesis. Answer choice B is also incorrect as neurogenesis has been observed in various mammals, including mice.)

Quiz 2: The Brain and Behavior