Question 1

Which of the following statements is true about adopted children?

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that children who are adopted early in life are more likely to have positive outcomes such as better mental health, improved social functioning, and higher academic achievement compared to those adopted later in life. The other options (A, C, and D) are not true and can be harmful stereotypes. Adopted children may face certain challenges, but they vary from child to child and should not be generalized.

Question 2

Summer and Clark are considering undergoing fertility treatments.What is one of the main risk factors that the couple must be aware of while weighing their options?

Accepted Answer

One of the main risk factors that the couple must be aware of is an increase in the possibility of multiple births when such treatments are used. Fertility treatments often involve the use of medications that stimulate the ovaries to produce multiple eggs, which increases the chance of multiple pregnancies. Multiple pregnancies increase the risk of complications for the mother and the babies.

Question 3

The current maternal blood-screening test is called the triple screen because:

Accepted Answer

The triple screen measures three substances in the mother's blood (alpha-fetoprotein, human chorionic gonadotropin, and estriol) to assess the risk of certain birth defects and chromosomal abnormalities in the fetus.

Question 4

Charlie is a cooperative,attentive child and is a favorite at home and school; he receives positive,instructive responses from adults.This is indicative of a(n):

Accepted Answer

The positive responses that Charlie receives suggest that he is evoking positive responses from the adults around him, indicative of an evocative genotype-environment correlation. Charlie's genetics likely contribute to his cooperative and attentive behavior, which in turn elicits positive responses from those around him.

Question 5

_____ is the field that seeks to discover the influence of heredity and environment on individual differences in human traits and development.

Accepted Answer

Behavior genetics is the field that studies the relative influences of genetic and environmental factors in shaping human behavior and development. It examines the extent to which genetic and environmental factors interact and contribute to individual differences in behavior and development. The field studies a wide range of traits, including personality, intelligence, mental health, and physical characteristics, to understand the complex interplay between genes and environment.

Question 6

Which of the following is NOT a possible explanation for infertility in a woman?

Accepted Answer

Eggs do not have motility as they are stationary until they are fertilized by sperm. Therefore, lack of egg motility is not a possible explanation for infertility in a woman.

Question 7

Don and Ellie are trying to conceive a baby.How long should they wait before they suspect infertility?

Accepted Answer

According to medical professionals, couples should wait at least 12 months before seeking fertility testing or treatment, as it can take up to a year for a healthy couple to conceive. Therefore, choice B is the best answer.

Question 8

Which of the following statements regarding chorionic villus sampling (CVS)and amniocentesis is true?

Accepted Answer

Both CVS and amniocentesis can detect the presence of birth defects in the fetus. However, it is important to note that while these tests can provide valuable information, they do not guarantee the absence of birth defects or other health issues in the baby.

Question 9

_____ correlations occur because a child's genetically influenced characteristics elicit certain types of environments.

Accepted Answer

Evocative genotype-environment correlations occur when a child's genetically influenced characteristics elicit certain types of environments. For example, a happy and social child may elicit more positive responses from parents and peers, which may further enhance their social skills and happiness.

Question 10

Timothy is a quiet six-year-old who is usually withdrawn in class.As a result,he does not receive much attention from his peers and mostly plays by himself.According to Sandra Scarr,this is an example of a(n):

Accepted Answer

An evocative genotype-environment correlation occurs when an individual's genetically influenced behaviors evoke specific responses from others. Timothy's quiet and withdrawn nature leads to less attention from peers, illustrating this concept.

Question 11

By far the most common high-tech assisted reproduction technique used is:

Accepted Answer

In vitro fertilization (IVF) is currently the most commonly used high-tech assisted reproduction technique. It involves the fertilization of an egg outside of the body and then implantation of the resulting embryo into the uterus. Artificial insemination is a simpler and less invasive technique that involves placing sperm directly into the cervix or uterus. Spermatogenesis is the natural process of sperm production in the testes, and in vivo fertilization refers to fertilization that occurs inside the female reproductive tract.

Question 12

Shakena is a 38-year-old single woman who works as a pharmaceutical representative.She would like to adopt a child.Recent changes in adoption requirements would mean that:

Accepted Answer

The scenario does not mention anything about Shakena's sexual orientation or race, so options A and B can be eliminated. Additionally, the scenario states that she is a single woman, so waiting until she gets married would not be relevant. Therefore, the best choice is D, which states that she would be considered as a candidate for adopting a child.

Question 13

Tracy's parents are avid sports fans.Since she was a child,they took her to numerous baseball and football games,and Tracy regularly watched the sports channel with her dad.When she was old enough,her parents made her join the little league team at her school and she performed well.This is an example of a(n):

Accepted Answer

This is an example of a passive genotype-environment correlation, where the environment that parents provide is influenced by their own interests or genes, and the child passively receives this environment. In this case, Tracy's exposure to and involvement in sports is due to her parents' interests rather than her own initial choice.

Question 14

Rachel loves to read books,and she also encourages her daughter to read by regularly taking her to the local library and buying her lots of books.Rachel's daughter is now an avid reader.This reflects a(n)_____ correlation.

Accepted Answer

This scenario is an example of a passive genotype-environment correlation, where the child's environment (being surrounded by books and encouraged to read) is influenced by the parents' own interests and behaviors, without the child actively choosing this environment.

Question 15

_____ mainly focuses on the isolation and examination of fetal cells circulating in the mother's blood and analysis of cell-free fetal DNA in maternal plasma.

Accepted Answer

Noninvasive prenatal diagnosis (NIPD) mainly focuses on the isolation and examination of fetal cells circulating in the mother's blood and analysis of cell-free fetal DNA in maternal plasma. Amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling (CVS) are invasive prenatal diagnostic methods that involve the withdrawal of amniotic fluid or placental tissue, respectively, for analysis. The triple screen is a blood test that screens for fetal abnormalities but does not provide a definitive diagnosis.

Question 16

David and Kelly are seeking help for infertility.Under their physician's guidance,they decide to undergo a procedure in which Kelly's eggs are combined in a laboratory dish with her husband's sperms.What is this procedure called?

Accepted Answer

The procedure described is in vitro fertilization (IVF), in which eggs are removed from the woman's body and fertilized with sperm in a laboratory dish. The embryos are then transferred back into the woman's uterus. Choices A, B, and C refer to different procedures for assisted reproductive technologies, but do not match the specific procedure described in the scenario.

Question 17

Amniocentesis brings a small risk of:

Accepted Answer

Amniocentesis carries a small risk of miscarriage, estimated to be less than 1%. It does not increase the risk of mental retardation, limb deformity, or Down syndrome.

Question 18

During twin studies it is most common:

Accepted Answer

Twin studies typically involve comparing identical twins, who share 100% of their genes, to fraternal twins, who share only 50% of their genes on average. This allows researchers to assess the extent to which genetic factors contribute to behavioral similarities and differences. Comparing identical twins to non-twin siblings or conducting genetic studies of differences between identical twins would not provide the same information about genetic influences on behavior. Comparing adopted fraternal twins to each other could also provide insight into genetic influences, but it is less common in twin studies.

Question 19

_____ is the social and legal process by which a parent-child relationship is established between persons unrelated at birth.

Accepted Answer

Adoption is the social and legal process by which a parent-child relationship is established between persons unrelated at birth. Kinship care refers to when children are cared for by relatives or close family friends when their parents are unable to do so. Rebirthing is an alternative therapy that has been discredited by the psychiatric and medical communities. Guardianship refers to a legal arrangement where a person or institution is appointed to make legal and welfare decisions for someone who is unable to do so themselves. While guardianship may involve care of a child, it does not establish a parent-child relationship.

Question 20

Brad is an athletic boy who is on every sport team in school.Stephen loves math and is part of his school's math club.These instances reflect _____ correlations that occur when children seek out environments that they find compatible and stimulating.

Accepted Answer

These instances reflect active (niche-picking) genotype-environment correlations, where children actively seek out environments that match their interests and abilities. Brad and Stephen are both seeking out environments that are compatible with their individual interests and abilities, which is a characteristic of active genotype-environment correlations. The other options do not appropriately describe the relationship between the children and their environment.

Quiz 2: Biological Beginnings