Question 1

Which of the following statements about goals is false?
A)Determining just how challenging to make goals creates a dilemma for leaders
B)Goal commitment is critical and is often as high as commitment to goals followers helped to set
C)Followers exerted the greatest effort when goals were accompanied by feedback
D)Easily attainable goals result in higher levels of effort and performance

Accepted Answer

The statement that easily attainable goals result in higher levels of effort and performance is false. Studies have shown that goals that are moderately challenging but attainable encourage higher levels of effort and performance, while easily attainable goals can result in lower levels of motivation and performance.

Question 2

Leaders who suffer from extrinsic motivational bias falsely believe followers are more motivated by
A)Job security
B)Money
C)Recognition
D)Helping others

Accepted Answer

Extrinsic motivational bias assumes that external rewards, such as money or other tangible benefits, are the main sources of motivation for followers. While job security, recognition, and helping others can be motivators, they are not necessarily the primary sources of motivation for all individuals.

Question 3

Which of the following is most important in the equity theory?
A)The evaluation of equality of inputs or equality of outcomes
B)The absolute value of one's own outcomes considered by itself
C)The absolute value of one's own inputs considered by itself
D)The relationship between the two ratios

Accepted Answer

The equity theory emphasizes on the relationship between the input and outcome ratios of an individual compared to the ratios of others with whom the individual compares themselves. Thus, the most important aspect in equity theory is the relationship between the two ratios, which is highlighted in option D. Options A, B, and C are not as significant as the relationship between the input and outcome ratios.

Question 4

Which of the following statements about the equity theory is true?
A)If the ratios are significantly different,a follower is not motivated to take change
B)As long as there is general equality between the two ratios,there is motivation to change
C)The perception of inequity creates a state of tension and an inherent pressure for change
D)Exactly what the follower will be motivated to do depends on the direction of equality

Accepted Answer

The equity theory states that individuals compare their own input/output ratios to those of others and the perception of inequity creates a state of tension and pressure for change. Option A is incorrect as it states that there must be a significant difference, whereas any perception of inequity can lead to a need for change. Option B is too general and does not take into account individual perceptions of fairness. Option D is incomplete, as it does not specify what direction of equality will lead to motivation for change.

Question 5

According to Alderfer's existence-relatedness-growth theory,existence needs basically correspond to Maslow's
A)Physiological and social needs
B)Social and esteem needs
C)Need for self-actualization
D)Physiological and security needs

Accepted Answer

Existence needs in Alderfer's ERG theory correspond to Maslow's physiological and security needs, as they both focus on basic material and safety requirements.

Question 6

"Motivated performance is the result of conscious choice" is a fundamental assumption of
A)Self-efficacy
B)Expectancy theory
C)Equity theory
D)Goal setting

Accepted Answer

This assumption is central to expectancy theory, which states that individuals choose behaviors based on their expectations for achieving a desired outcome. In other words, motivation is influenced by an individual's belief that their efforts will lead to the desired performance outcome. Therefore, the statement "motivated performance is the result of conscious choice" aligns with the basic principles of expectancy theory.

Question 7

Leaders can motivate followers with strong _____ values by giving them opportunities to improve society and help others who are less fortunate.
A)Affiliation
B)Hedonism
C)Altruism
D)Security

Accepted Answer

Altruism values prioritize helping others and improving society. Leaders who share these values can motivate followers by providing opportunities for them to contribute to meaningful causes and make a positive impact on the world.

Question 8

According to the ERG theory,which of the following statements about followers is true?
A)If followers are repeatedly thwarted in satisfying a need,then leadership practitioners should appeal to that need
B)Followers having relatively satisfied existence needs are more apt to focus on relatedness and growth needs
C)Followers' frustration of higher-level need can lead to efforts to satisfy lower-level needs
D)Followers having relatively unmet growth needs will focus their behaviors on satisfying that need

Accepted Answer

According to the ERG theory, if followers are repeatedly thwarted in satisfying a higher-level need (such as growth needs), they may shift their focus back to satisfying a lower-level need (such as existence needs). This can lead to a process known as frustration-regression, where followers feel frustrated in their attempts to satisfy higher-level needs and revert to focusing on lower-level needs. Therefore, option C is the correct statement. Option A does not necessarily hold true for all followers, while options B and D are too limited in scope to be universally true.

Question 9

Which theory states that motivation is based on three levels of needs and that more than one need may operate at the same time?
A)Achievement orientation
B)ERG theory
C)Expectancy theory
D)Maslow's hierarchy

Accepted Answer

ERG theory, developed by Clayton Alderfer, proposes that human needs can be categorized into existence, relatedness, and growth needs. This theory also suggests that more than one need can operate at the same time and that frustration of a higher-level need can cause a person to regress to a lower-level need. Maslow's hierarchy, on the other hand, proposes a five-level hierarchy of needs, with physiological needs at the bottom and self-actualization needs at the top.

Question 10

According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs,which is the most basic level need?
A)Belongingness needs
B)Esteem needs
C)Physiological needs
D)Security needs

Accepted Answer

According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, physiological needs like food, water, air, shelter, sleep, and clothing are the most basic and fundamental needs required for human survival. They form the base of the pyramid and must be fulfilled before he or she can move on to fulfilling other needs.

Question 11

In effort-to-performance expectancy,
A)The follower must determine whether the outcome is sufficiently positive to be worth the time and effort
B)The follower estimates the likelihood of receiving a reward,given that she achieves the desired level of performance
C)The follower must determine the likely outcomes,assuming that the previous two conditions have been met
D)The follower estimates the likelihood of performing the desired behavior adequately,assuming she puts forth the required effort

Accepted Answer

Effort-to-performance expectancy refers to the extent to which the follower believes that putting in the required effort will result in achieving the desired level of performance. Therefore, the best choice in terms of estimating the likelihood of performing the desired behavior adequately, assuming that the follower puts forth the required effort, is option D.

Question 12

An individual's tendency to exert effort toward task accomplishment depended partly on the strength of his/her motive to achieve success.This is called
A)Problem solving
B)Customer orientation
C)Relationship building
D)Achievement orientation

Accepted Answer

Achievement orientation refers to an individual's tendency to strive for success, set challenging goals, and take pride in their accomplishments. It is closely linked to the motive to achieve success, which is the desire to do well and succeed in tasks or goals. People with a high achievement orientation tend to put in more effort towards achieving their objectives, as they are motivated by a sense of accomplishment and personal growth.

Question 13

This occurs when leaders articulate high expectations for followers.
A)Hawthorne effect
B)Pygmalion effect
C)Placebo effect
D)Hierarchy effect

Accepted Answer

The Pygmalion effect, also known as the self-fulfilling prophecy, occurs when leaders have high expectations for their followers and communicate these expectations, which in turn leads to followers performing better than they would have otherwise. This effect is based on the idea that people will rise to meet the expectations that others have of them.

Question 14

Personal inputs refer to
A)Skills
B)Recognition
C)Job satisfaction
D)Personal growth

Accepted Answer

Personal inputs refer to the skills and abilities that an individual brings to a job or task.

Question 15

Some people are motivated to persist in certain behaviors for the simple reason that they like to do them.This is called
A)Extrinsic motivation
B)Overjustification effect
C)Intrinsic motivation
D)Observer effect

Accepted Answer

Intrinsic motivation refers to the behavior that individuals engage in simply because they enjoy it or find it pleasurable. It is driven by an internal desire or interest rather than external rewards or punishments. Therefore, the best choice is C, intrinsic motivation. Extrinsic motivation (choice A) refers to motivation that comes from external factors, such as rewards, punishments, or social pressure. Overjustification effect (choice B) occurs when external rewards undermine intrinsic motivation. Observer effect (choice D) refers to changes that occur in behavior when individuals know they are being watched or monitored.

Question 16

Which of the following statements concerning the overjustification effect is true?
A)The overjustification effect occurs in a number of situations
B)Rewards seen as providing "informational" value typically result in a decrease in intrinsic motivation for the task
C)Overjustification effect is more a reality than a myth
D)External rewards may backfire if they are given to people already intrinsically motivated to perform the tasks

Accepted Answer

The overjustification effect refers to the phenomenon where external rewards can decrease intrinsic motivation for a task. However, this effect is more likely to occur when external rewards are given to individuals who are already intrinsically motivated to perform the task. Therefore, choice D is the correct statement. Choices A and B are partially correct, but do not capture the nuance of the overjustification effect. Choice C is inaccurate as the overjustification effect is a well-documented phenomenon supported by research.

Question 17

What is the motivational strategy of followers with strong scientific values?
A)They enjoy analyzing data to get at the truth
B)The more they are paid,the more they are motivated to work
C)They are motivated when they work in organizations that have strong customs
D)They believe fame,visibility and publicity are important

Accepted Answer

Followers with strong scientific values are motivated by the pursuit of truth and the opportunity to analyze data. They are driven by curiosity and a desire to understand the world around them, and are often motivated by the prospect of discovering new information or insights through their work. This may manifest in a passion for research, a love of problem-solving, or a deep commitment to accuracy and rigor in their work. Money or fame may be secondary motivators, but the pursuit of scientific knowledge is typically the primary driver of motivation for these individuals.

Question 18

Which of the following would most likely result in consistently higher effort and performance?
A)Goals that are both specific and difficult
B)Goals that are very difficult to achieve
C)"Do your best" goals
D)Having clear goals

Accepted Answer

Goals that are both specific and difficult have been found to lead to higher effort and performance as they provide a clear target and challenge the individual to push themselves. However, goals that are too difficult may lead to demotivation and a sense of failure, so it is important to find a balance between specificity and difficulty. Clear goals (D) can also lead to higher effort and performance, but may not be as effective if they lack a challenging aspect. "Do your best" goals (C) lack the specificity and challenge needed to consistently drive higher effort and performance.

Question 19

What are the most powerful determinants of task behaviors,according to Locke and Latham?
A)Values
B)Goals
C)Abilities
D)Needs

Accepted Answer

According to Locke and Latham, goals are the most powerful determinants of task behaviors. They argue that specific and challenging goals lead to higher levels of performance than easy or vague goals. Values, abilities, and needs may also influence task behaviors, but to a lesser extent compared to goals.

Question 20

Leaders who have little faith in their followers' ability to accomplish a goal are rarely disappointed.This refers to
A)Placebo effect
B)Pygmalion effect
C)Golem effect
D)Hierarchy effect

Accepted Answer

The statement is referring to the Golem effect, which is when a leader has low expectations of their followers and those followers subsequently perform poorly due to the lack of belief in their abilities.

Quiz 9: Motivation, Satisfaction, and Performance

Which of the following statements about goals is false?

Leaders who suffer from extrinsic motivational bias falsely believe followers are more motivated by

Which of the following is most important in the equity theory?

Which of the following statements about the equity theory is true?

According to Alderfer's existence-relatedness-growth theory,existence needs basically correspond to Maslow's

"Motivated performance is the result of conscious choice" is a fundamental assumption of

Leaders can motivate followers with strong _____ values by giving them opportunities to improve society and help others who are less fortunate.

According to the ERG theory,which of the following statements about followers is true?

Which theory states that motivation is based on three levels of needs and that more than one need may operate at the same time?

According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs,which is the most basic level need?

In effort-to-performance expectancy,

An individual's tendency to exert effort toward task accomplishment depended partly on the strength of his/her motive to achieve success.This is called

This occurs when leaders articulate high expectations for followers.

Personal inputs refer to

Some people are motivated to persist in certain behaviors for the simple reason that they like to do them.This is called

Which of the following statements concerning the overjustification effect is true?

What is the motivational strategy of followers with strong scientific values?

Which of the following would most likely result in consistently higher effort and performance?

What are the most powerful determinants of task behaviors,according to Locke and Latham?

Leaders who have little faith in their followers' ability to accomplish a goal are rarely disappointed.This refers to