The mode of natural selection in which one extreme phenotype is fittest and the environment selects against the others is:

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In directional selection, one extreme phenotype is favored and becomes more common in the population. The environment selects against the other phenotypes, causing their frequencies to decrease over time. This can lead to the evolution of a population towards a new trait or adaptation that is better suited to the changing environment.

The Mode of Natural Selection in Which One Extreme Phenotype