Question 1

A woman who has a baby via embryo adoption is her child's
A) genetic mother only.
B) gestational mother only.
C) genetic and gestational mother.
D) gestational and surrogate mother.
E) clone.

Accepted Answer

A woman who has a baby via embryo adoption is only the gestational mother as she carries the baby to term but is not genetically related to the child. The embryos used in the adoption come from another couple's fertilized eggs and sperm.

Question 2

The logic behind polar body biopsy is based on
A) Darwin's theory of natural selection.
B) Mendel's law of segregation.
C) Mendel's law of independent assortment.
D) the rules of the genetic code.
E) the idea that the alleles in a polar body are the same as those in the oocyte to which it was attached.

Accepted Answer

Polar body biopsy is based on Mendel's law of segregation, which states that alleles segregate independently during gamete formation, allowing the genetic content of the polar body to reflect the genetic content of the oocyte.

Question 3

Which of the following techniques is most likely to lead to heteroplasmy?
A) cytoplasmic donation
B) embryo adoption
C) oocyte donation
D) in vitro fertilization
E) preimplantation genetic diagnosis

Accepted Answer

Cytoplasmic donation involves transferring cytoplasm (which contains mitochondria) from a donor egg to a recipient egg. This can lead to heteroplasmy since the resulting embryo may contain a mix of mitochondria from both the donor and recipient egg.

Question 4

Which of the following is incorrectly paired?
A) intrauterine insemination; donated sperm is placed in the woman's reproductive tract
B) in vitro fertilization; fertilization occurs in a laboratory dish
C) ICSI; DNA from an immobile sperm is injected into an oocyte
D) GIFT; fertilization occurs in a laboratory dish
E) surrogate mother; a woman with a healthy uterus carries a pregnancy for a woman whose uterus has been removed.

Accepted Answer

GIFT (gamete intrafallopian transfer) involves placing eggs and sperm directly into the fallopian tube, bypassing the laboratory dish. Therefore, the statement "fertilization occurs in a laboratory dish" is incorrect.

Question 5

The fact that the live birth rate from older mothers using oocytes in IVF from much younger women is much higher than from older mothers using their own oocytes indicates that the age effects on reproductive success reflect
A) the oocyte source.
B) the uterus source.
C) the age of the father.
D) the sperm count.
E) how many other children a couple has.

Accepted Answer

The fact that the live birth rate is much higher when older mothers use oocytes from much younger women indicates that the age effect on reproductive success is primarily due to the oocyte source. In other words, the quality and functionality of oocytes decline as women age, which explains why using oocytes from younger women can lead to higher success rates in older mothers undergoing IVF.

Question 6

A woman who is infertile because she lacks ovaries would benefit most from
A) intrauterine insemination.
B) GIFT.
C) ZIFT.
D) embryo adoption.
E) in vivo gene therapy.

Accepted Answer

Since the woman lacks ovaries, she cannot produce eggs to be fertilized. Therefore, the best option for her would be to receive an embryo through adoption, where a donated embryo is implanted into her uterus for gestation and childbirth.

Question 7

The procedure in which fertilization takes place in a laboratory dish and the resulting zygote is placed in the woman's uterine tube is called
A) embryo transfer.
B) ZIFT.
C) RhoGAM.
D) GIFT.
E) in vivo fertilization.

Accepted Answer

The procedure described is called ZIFT (zygote intrafallopian transfer), where fertilization occurs in a laboratory dish and the resulting zygote is placed into the woman's uterine tube. This is different from GIFT (gamete intrafallopian transfer) where the egg and sperm are placed directly into the woman's uterine tube to fertilize naturally. Embryo transfer, on the other hand, is when an already formed embryo is transferred into the uterus. RhoGAM is a medication used to prevent Rh incompatibility issues in pregnancy. "In vivo fertilization" is not a commonly used term and could refer to natural fertilization that occurs inside the female's body.

Question 8

Some cases of male infertility are due to immature sperm or sperm that cannot readily penetrate an oocyte.For these individuals,fertilization can still be accomplished using
A) CVS.
B) IVF.
C) ICSI.
D) GIFT.
E) a surrogate father.

Accepted Answer

ICSI (Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection) is a technique used in assisted reproduction where a single sperm is directly injected into an egg to achieve fertilization. This technique is particularly useful in cases of male infertility where sperm quality or quantity is low. It overcomes the hurdle of sperm needing to penetrate an oocyte, as the sperm is injected directly into the egg. Hence, ICSI is the best choice for individuals with immature or non-penetrating sperm.

Question 9

Darnell and Tinaka are each carriers of an autosomal recessive disorder that is lethal in early childhood.They want to have a child who is free of the disease,so they have preimplantation genetic diagnosis.Unfortunately,their child has the disease.A scientific explanation is that
A) the blastomere that was tested had undergone a somatic mutation, making it not representative of the rest of the embryo.
B) Darnell was not really the father.
C) the 7 cells of the remaining embryo each underwent a mutation, so the sampled cell was not representative.
D) Darnell or Tinaka is really homozygous recessive, and not heterozygous.
E) a technician mixed up the embryos.

Accepted Answer

Preimplantation genetic diagnosis involves testing a single cell (blastomere) of the embryo for genetic abnormalities. However, somatic mutations can occur in individual cells as they divide, which can result in a false-negative result for the tested blastomere. This is the most likely explanation for the child having the disease despite the preimplantation genetic diagnosis.

Question 10

_______ was the first "test tube baby."
A) Louise Joy Brown
B) Adam Nash
C) J. Craig Venter
D) Lauren Woodward
E) Chloe O'Brien

Accepted Answer

Louise Joy Brown was the first baby successfully born via in vitro fertilization (IVF) on July 25, 1978. She was conceived through IVF at Oldham General Hospital in England by the efforts of Robert Edwards and Patrick Steptoe.

Question 11

A man who is paralyzed from a spinal cord injury might become a father using
A) IVF.
B) a surrogate mother.
C) intracytoplasmic sperm injection.
D) intrauterine insemination.
E) ex vivo gene therapy.

Accepted Answer

The answer of A man who is paralyzed from a...

Question 12

_______ uses a blastomere biopsy to obtain a cell to test for genetic and chromosomal abnormalities.
A) Cytoplasmic donation
B) Intrauterine insemination
C) Oocyte donation
D) Intracytoplasmic sperm injection
E) Preimplantation genetic diagnosis

Accepted Answer

Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) uses a blastomere biopsy to obtain a cell from an embryo in vitro fertilization (IVF) process. This cell is then tested for genetic and chromosomal abnormalities before the embryo is implanted into the uterus.

Question 13

A surrogate mother can help couples have a child when the woman does not have a functional
A) uterine tube.
B) vagina.
C) cervix.
D) uterus.
E) endocrine system.

Accepted Answer

A surrogate mother carries and gives birth to a child for another person or couple. This is typically done when the intended mother is unable to carry a pregnancy to term due to a variety of reasons, including not having a functional uterus. Therefore, the correct answer is D, uterus.

Question 14

Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD)screens _______ for genetic disorders.
A) oocytes
B) spermatocytes
C) polar bodies
D) early embryos
E) spermatids

Accepted Answer

PGD involves screening early embryos for genetic disorders prior to implantation. This is typically done during IVF (in vitro fertilization) in order to select the healthiest embryos for implantation and reduce the risk of passing on genetic disorders. PGD is not typically done on oocytes, spermatocytes, polar bodies, or spermatids.

Question 15

An example of the type of information that can be learned by research using donated human fertilized ova and embryos is
A) when talents such as musical ability or excellence in languages arise in the fetus.
B) when the genome in the new individual becomes actively transcribed.
C) when the brain begins to function and the embryo can think and feel pain.
D) how human prenatal development differs from that of other animals.
E) a man with XXY syndrome not only makes abnormal sperm, but also embryos.

Accepted Answer

The answer of An example of the type of information...

Question 16

A procedure that places an oocyte and sperm in a culture dish,allows a few cell divisions,and then places the resulting very early embryo in the oocyte donor's uterus is
A) IVF.
B) intrauterine insemination.
C) surrogate insemination.
D) GIFT.
E) ex vivo gene therapy.

Accepted Answer

In vitro fertilization (IVF) involves fertilizing an oocyte with sperm in a culture dish, allowing the embryo to develop for a few days, and then transferring it to the uterus.

Question 17

In gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT),fertilization occurs in
A) the uterus.
B) a culture dish.
C) a uterine tube.
D) a testis.
E) the ovary.

Accepted Answer

In gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT), sperm and eggs are placed directly in the uterine tube (or fallopian tube) where fertilization occurs naturally. The fertilized egg is then transported to the uterus for implantation. The answer is not A (the uterus), B (a culture dish), D (a testis), or E (the ovary) as none of these are involved in GIFT fertilization process.

Question 18

Freezing oocytes has not been very successful because
A) they undergo an extra meiosis.
B) the woman can become dangerously cold.
C) ice crystals can form in the abundant, watery cytoplasm.
D) the nuclei shatter.
E) the oocyte turns into a polar body.

Accepted Answer

The cytoplasm of oocytes is abundant and watery which makes it difficult to freeze successfully because of the formation of ice crystals that can damage the cell.

Quiz 21: Reproductive Technologies

A woman who has a baby via embryo adoption is her child's

The logic behind polar body biopsy is based on

Which of the following techniques is most likely to lead to heteroplasmy?

Which of the following is incorrectly paired?

The fact that the live birth rate from older mothers using oocytes in IVF from much younger women is much higher than from older mothers using their own oocytes indicates that the age effects on reproductive success reflect

A woman who is infertile because she lacks ovaries would benefit most from

The procedure in which fertilization takes place in a laboratory dish and the resulting zygote is placed in the woman's uterine tube is called

Some cases of male infertility are due to immature sperm or sperm that cannot readily penetrate an oocyte.For these individuals,fertilization can still be accomplished using

Darnell and Tinaka are each carriers of an autosomal recessive disorder that is lethal in early childhood.They want to have a child who is free of the disease,so they have preimplantation genetic diagnosis.Unfortunately,their child has the disease.A scientific explanation is that

_______ was the first "test tube baby."

A man who is paralyzed from a spinal cord injury might become a father using

_______ uses a blastomere biopsy to obtain a cell to test for genetic and chromosomal abnormalities.

A surrogate mother can help couples have a child when the woman does not have a functional

Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) screens _______ for genetic disorders.

An example of the type of information that can be learned by research using donated human fertilized ova and embryos is

A procedure that places an oocyte and sperm in a culture dish,allows a few cell divisions,and then places the resulting very early embryo in the oocyte donor's uterus is

In gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT) ,fertilization occurs in

Freezing oocytes has not been very successful because