Question 1

If applicable,the archived data from operational sources is loaded in the data warehouse during the:

Accepted Answer

The first load in data warehousing is called the initial or full load. During the initial load, data from various operational sources is extracted and transformed before it is loaded into the data warehouse. This load includes both current and historical data which can be used for further analysis. Therefore, this is the best choice for loading archived data in the data warehouse.

Question 2

Data cleansing is a part of:

Accepted Answer

Data cleansing is a part of the ETL (Extract, Transform, Load) process. It falls under the "Transform" stage, as it involves cleaning, standardizing, and verifying the data before it can be loaded into a data warehouse or used for analysis. OLAP (Online Analytical Processing) refers to the technology used to query and analyze data in a multidimensional database. Extraction and Load are the other two stages of the ETL process.

Question 3

OLAP/BI tools can be used for:

Accepted Answer

OLAP/BI tools can be used for both ad-hoc direct analysis and creation of front-end (BI) applications. Ad-hoc direct analysis allows users to explore and analyze data on the fly without predefined reports or queries, while creating front-end applications allows users to visualize and share data in a more user-friendly manner. Therefore, the best choice is C.

Question 4

GENERICDATA
Observe the tables GENERICDIMENSION and GENERICFACT:

GENERICDIMENSION
$\begin{array} { l l l l l l } A A & B B & C C & D D & E E & F F \ A A 1 & B B 1 & C C 1 & D D 1 & E E 1 & F F 1 \ A A 2 & B B 2 & C C 1 & D D 2 & E E 2 & F F 1 \ A A 3 & B B 3 & C C 2 & D D 3 & E E 1 & F F 1 \ A A 4 & B B 4 & C C 2 & D D 4 & E E 2 & F F 1 \ A A 5 & B B 5 & C C 2 & D D 5 & E E 3 & F F 1 \end{array}$
GENERICFACT
$\begin{array} { l c c } \text { AA } & \ldots & \text { Number } \ \text { AA1 } & \ldots & 100 \ \text { AA1 } & \ldots & 100 \ A A 2 & \ldots & 200 \ \text { AA2 } & \ldots & 200 \ A A 3 & \ldots & 300 \ A A 3 & \ldots & 300 \ A A 4 & \ldots & 400 \ A A 4 & \ldots & 400 \ \text { AA5 } & \ldots & 100 \end{array}$ Assume the following two hierarchies exist in the table GENERICDIMENSION:
AA --> BB --> CC
AA --> DD --> EE --> FF
Assume the following result table was created using the OLAP/BI Tool:

GENERICOLAPRESULT1
 $$\begin{array} { l r l } 
& C C 1 & C C 2 \
E E 1 & 200 & 600 \
E E 2 & 400 & 800 \
E E 3 & 0 & 100
\end{array}$$
This scenario will be used for the following questions citing GENERICDATA.

-The result table below is the result of a ________ action on the GENERICOLAPRESULT1 result table.
$E E 1$
$\begin{array} { l l } \mathrm { CC } 1 & 200 \ \mathrm { CC } 2 & 600 \end{array}$
EE2
$\begin{array} { l l } \mathrm { CC } 1 & 400 \ \mathrm { CC } 2 & 800 \end{array}$
EE3
$\begin{array} { r r } C C 1 & 0 \ C C 2 & 100 \end{array}$

Accepted Answer

The answer of GENERICDATA
Observe the tables GENERICDIMENSION and GENERICFACT:

GENERICDIMENSION
\(\begin{array}...

Question 5

Querying and presenting data from data warehouses and/or data marts for analytical purposes is known as:

Accepted Answer

OLAP (Online Analytical Processing) is specifically designed for querying and presenting data from data warehouses and data marts for analytical purposes, allowing for complex analytical and ad-hoc queries with a rapid execution time.

Question 6

GENERICDATA
Observe the tables GENERICDIMENSION and GENERICFACT:

GENERICDIMENSION
$\begin{array} { l l l l l l } A A & B B & C C & D D & E E & F F \ A A 1 & B B 1 & C C 1 & D D 1 & E E 1 & F F 1 \ A A 2 & B B 2 & C C 1 & D D 2 & E E 2 & F F 1 \ A A 3 & B B 3 & C C 2 & D D 3 & E E 1 & F F 1 \ A A 4 & B B 4 & C C 2 & D D 4 & E E 2 & F F 1 \ A A 5 & B B 5 & C C 2 & D D 5 & E E 3 & F F 1 \end{array}$
GENERICFACT
$\begin{array} { l c c } \text { AA } & \ldots & \text { Number } \ \text { AA1 } & \ldots & 100 \ \text { AA1 } & \ldots & 100 \ A A 2 & \ldots & 200 \ \text { AA2 } & \ldots & 200 \ A A 3 & \ldots & 300 \ A A 3 & \ldots & 300 \ A A 4 & \ldots & 400 \ A A 4 & \ldots & 400 \ \text { AA5 } & \ldots & 100 \end{array}$ Assume the following two hierarchies exist in the table GENERICDIMENSION:
AA --> BB --> CC
AA --> DD --> EE --> FF
Assume the following result table was created using the OLAP/BI Tool:

GENERICOLAPRESULT1
 $$\begin{array} { l r l } 
& C C 1 & C C 2 \
E E 1 & 200 & 600 \
E E 2 & 400 & 800 \
E E 3 & 0 & 100
\end{array}$$
This scenario will be used for the following questions citing GENERICDATA.

-The result table below is the result of a ________ action on the GENERICOLAPRESULT1 result table.
$$\begin{array} { r r r } 
& \mathcal { C C 1 } & \mathcal { C C } 2 \
F F 1 & 600 & 1500
\end{array}$$

Accepted Answer

The result table shows aggregated data at a higher level (FF1) across two categories (CC1 and CC2), which is characteristic of a drill-up action, simplifying and summarizing the data.

Question 7

OLAP tools are:

Accepted Answer

OLAP tools are primarily designed for querying and analyzing data stored in multidimensional databases. They are optimized for read-only operations and do not allow modifying or deleting the stored data. Therefore, the correct answer is B - read-only tools.

Question 8

Which of the following processes is typically the most time- and resource-consuming?

Accepted Answer

Creating the ETL infrastructure is typically the most time- and resource-consuming process in building a data warehouse. ETL involves extracting, transforming, and loading data from various sources into the data warehouse, and can require a significant amount of coding and testing. Creating the data warehouse tables using the DBMS functionalities and creating the data warehouse model are also important processes, but are typically less time-consuming than ETL. Creating the OLAP query is a process that occurs after the data warehouse has been built, and is used to retrieve specific information from the warehouse.

Question 9

GENERICDATA
Observe the tables GENERICDIMENSION and GENERICFACT:

GENERICDIMENSION
$\begin{array} { l l l l l l } A A & B B & C C & D D & E E & F F \ A A 1 & B B 1 & C C 1 & D D 1 & E E 1 & F F 1 \ A A 2 & B B 2 & C C 1 & D D 2 & E E 2 & F F 1 \ A A 3 & B B 3 & C C 2 & D D 3 & E E 1 & F F 1 \ A A 4 & B B 4 & C C 2 & D D 4 & E E 2 & F F 1 \ A A 5 & B B 5 & C C 2 & D D 5 & E E 3 & F F 1 \end{array}$
GENERICFACT
$\begin{array} { l c c } \text { AA } & \ldots & \text { Number } \ \text { AA1 } & \ldots & 100 \ \text { AA1 } & \ldots & 100 \ A A 2 & \ldots & 200 \ \text { AA2 } & \ldots & 200 \ A A 3 & \ldots & 300 \ A A 3 & \ldots & 300 \ A A 4 & \ldots & 400 \ A A 4 & \ldots & 400 \ \text { AA5 } & \ldots & 100 \end{array}$ Assume the following two hierarchies exist in the table GENERICDIMENSION:
AA --> BB --> CC
AA --> DD --> EE --> FF
Assume the following result table was created using the OLAP/BI Tool:

GENERICOLAPRESULT1
 $$\begin{array} { l r l } 
& C C 1 & C C 2 \
E E 1 & 200 & 600 \
E E 2 & 400 & 800 \
E E 3 & 0 & 100
\end{array}$$
This scenario will be used for the following questions citing GENERICDATA.

-The result table below is the result of a ________ action on the GENERICOLAPRESULT1 result table.
$$\begin{array} { r r r r r r } 
&&  { C C 1 } && { C C 2 } \
& D D 1 & D D 2 & D D 3 & D D 4 & D D 5 \
E E 1 & 200 & 0 & 600 & 0 & 0 \
E E 2 & 0 & 400 & 0 & 800 & 0 \
E E 3 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 100
\end{array}$$

Accepted Answer

The result table shown is a result of a Drill-Down action where the dimension hierarchy of AA --> DD --> EE --> FF has been expanded to include the FF level. The table now shows the values for each combination of DD, EE, and FF for each EE value under each DD level.

Question 10

ALSETMAX COMPANY
Observe the three different tables that exist in the ALSETMAX COMPANY and contains the information about customers.Assume all the values in all tables are correct.All three tables will be used as the source tables for the dimension CUSTOMER in the ALSETMAX COMPANY dimensionally modeled data warehouse.
 ALSE TMAX CUSTOMERS
$\begin{array} { c l l c } \text { SSN } & \text { Name } & \text { Gemder } & \text { CustBirthYear } \ 111 - 11 - 1111 & \text { Ned } & \text { Male } & 1980 \ 222 - 22 - 2222 & \text { Nelly } & \text { Female } & 1990 \ 333 - 33 - 3333 & \text { Anna } & \text { Female } & 1989 \ 444-44 - 4444 & \text { Ned } & \text { Male } & 1970 \end{array}$\
A-MAX CUSTOMER TABLE
$\begin{array} { c c c c } \text { GSN } & \text { Nane } & \text { Sex } & \text { YearOfBirth } \ 111 - 11 - 1111 & \text { Ned } & \text { M } & 1980 \ 222 - 22 - 2212 & \text { Nelly } & F & 1990 \ 333 - 33 - 3333 & \text { Anna } & F & 1989 \ 555 - 55 - 5555 & \text { Anna } & F & 1970 \end{array}$\
AM CUSTOMER ZIPCODE INFO
$\begin{array} { c c } \text { SSN } & \text { ZipCode } \ 111 - 11 - 1111 & 60611 \ 222 - 22 - 2122 & 60655 \ 333 - 33 - 3333 & 60601 \ 444 - 44 - 4444 & 60611 \ 555 - 55 - 5555 & 60655 \end{array}$

This scenario will be used for the following questions citing ALSETMAX COMPANY.
-Based on the three source tables,how many columns will the dimension CUSTOMER in the populated star schema for ALSETMAX COMPANY have? (Assume that the dimension uses a surrogate key,but no time stamps or row indicators. )

Accepted Answer

The dimension CUSTOMER will have 6 columns: surrogate key, SSN, Name, Gender, CustBirthYear, and ZipCode.

Question 11

Updating,querying,and presenting data from databases for operational purposes is known as:

Accepted Answer

OLTP (Online Transaction Processing) is designed for operational purposes where data is regularly updated, queried, and presented. It allows for real-time processing and immediate responses to transactions. ETL (Extract, Transform, Load) is used for loading data from various sources into a data warehouse for analytical purposes, while OLAP (Online Analytical Processing) is used for querying and analyzing data in a data warehouse. Micro batches are a method of processing data in small batches rather than in real-time. Therefore, option C is the best choice for this question.

Question 12

GENERICDATA
Observe the tables GENERICDIMENSION and GENERICFACT:

GENERICDIMENSION
$\begin{array} { l l l l l l } A A & B B & C C & D D & E E & F F \ A A 1 & B B 1 & C C 1 & D D 1 & E E 1 & F F 1 \ A A 2 & B B 2 & C C 1 & D D 2 & E E 2 & F F 1 \ A A 3 & B B 3 & C C 2 & D D 3 & E E 1 & F F 1 \ A A 4 & B B 4 & C C 2 & D D 4 & E E 2 & F F 1 \ A A 5 & B B 5 & C C 2 & D D 5 & E E 3 & F F 1 \end{array}$
GENERICFACT
$\begin{array} { l c c } \text { AA } & \ldots & \text { Number } \ \text { AA1 } & \ldots & 100 \ \text { AA1 } & \ldots & 100 \ A A 2 & \ldots & 200 \ \text { AA2 } & \ldots & 200 \ A A 3 & \ldots & 300 \ A A 3 & \ldots & 300 \ A A 4 & \ldots & 400 \ A A 4 & \ldots & 400 \ \text { AA5 } & \ldots & 100 \end{array}$ Assume the following two hierarchies exist in the table GENERICDIMENSION:
AA --> BB --> CC
AA --> DD --> EE --> FF
Assume the following result table was created using the OLAP/BI Tool:

GENERICOLAPRESULT1
 $$\begin{array} { l r l } 
& C C 1 & C C 2 \
E E 1 & 200 & 600 \
E E 2 & 400 & 800 \
E E 3 & 0 & 100
\end{array}$$
This scenario will be used for the following questions citing GENERICDATA.

-The result table below is the result of a ________ action on the GENERICOLAPRESULT1 result table.
$$\begin{array} { l l l } 
& \text { CC1 } & \text { CC2 } \
E E 1 & 200 & 600 \
E E 2 & 400 & 800
\end{array}$$

Accepted Answer

The result table is a slice of the original GENERICOLAPRESULT1 table, where the values are filtered based on the values of CC dimension. This is a slice operation.

Question 13

The set of processes that is used to populate the data warehouse tables with the appropriate relevant data retrieved from the operational databases is known as:

Accepted Answer

ETL stands for Extract, Transform, and Load. It is a process that is used to extract data from various sources, transform the data into a format that is suitable for the data warehouse, and then load the data into the data warehouse tables. This process is essential for the proper functioning of the data warehouse, as it ensures that the relevant data is collected and stored correctly.

Question 14

The ETL infrastructure is essentially predetermined by the results of the requirements collection and data warehouse modeling processes that specify:

Accepted Answer

The ETL infrastructure is determined by identifying the sources of the data and the target data warehouse where it will be loaded. This step is essential in the ETL process and is specified during the requirements collection and data warehouse modeling processes. The OLAP/BI tools, alpha release, and refresh cycle are all important components in ETL, but they are not directly related to the infrastructure of the process itself.

Question 15

In the case of so-called active data warehouses,the loads occur in ________ that happen continuously,ensuring that the data in the data warehouse is updated close to real time (enabling analysis of the latest data).

Accepted Answer

Active data warehouses rely on micro batches, which are small and frequent loading processes that occur continuously to update the data warehouse with the latest data. This allows for near real-time analysis of the data in the warehouse. Dimensional modeling actions and OLAP actions are design and querying techniques used in data warehousing, while OLTP actions are related to online transaction processing and not relevant to data warehouse updates.

Question 16

GENERICDATA
Observe the tables GENERICDIMENSION and GENERICFACT:

GENERICDIMENSION
$\begin{array} { l l l l l l } A A & B B & C C & D D & E E & F F \ A A 1 & B B 1 & C C 1 & D D 1 & E E 1 & F F 1 \ A A 2 & B B 2 & C C 1 & D D 2 & E E 2 & F F 1 \ A A 3 & B B 3 & C C 2 & D D 3 & E E 1 & F F 1 \ A A 4 & B B 4 & C C 2 & D D 4 & E E 2 & F F 1 \ A A 5 & B B 5 & C C 2 & D D 5 & E E 3 & F F 1 \end{array}$
GENERICFACT
$\begin{array} { l c c } \text { AA } & \ldots & \text { Number } \ \text { AA1 } & \ldots & 100 \ \text { AA1 } & \ldots & 100 \ A A 2 & \ldots & 200 \ \text { AA2 } & \ldots & 200 \ A A 3 & \ldots & 300 \ A A 3 & \ldots & 300 \ A A 4 & \ldots & 400 \ A A 4 & \ldots & 400 \ \text { AA5 } & \ldots & 100 \end{array}$ Assume the following two hierarchies exist in the table GENERICDIMENSION:
AA --> BB --> CC
AA --> DD --> EE --> FF
Assume the following result table was created using the OLAP/BI Tool:

GENERICOLAPRESULT1
 $$\begin{array} { l r l } 
& C C 1 & C C 2 \
E E 1 & 200 & 600 \
E E 2 & 400 & 800 \
E E 3 & 0 & 100
\end{array}$$
This scenario will be used for the following questions citing GENERICDATA.

-The result table below is the result of a ________ action on the GENERICOLAPRESULT1 result table.
$$\begin{array} { l l l c } 
& E E 1 & E E 2 & E E 3 \
C C 1 & 200 & 400 & 0 \
C C 2 & 600 & 800 & 100
\end{array}$$

Accepted Answer

The result table has been pivoted, as the rows and columns have been interchanged.

Question 17

ALSETMAX COMPANY
Observe the three different tables that exist in the ALSETMAX COMPANY and contains the information about customers.Assume all the values in all tables are correct.All three tables will be used as the source tables for the dimension CUSTOMER in the ALSETMAX COMPANY dimensionally modeled data warehouse.
 ALSE TMAX CUSTOMERS
$\begin{array} { c l l c } \text { SSN } & \text { Name } & \text { Gemder } & \text { CustBirthYear } \ 111 - 11 - 1111 & \text { Ned } & \text { Male } & 1980 \ 222 - 22 - 2222 & \text { Nelly } & \text { Female } & 1990 \ 333 - 33 - 3333 & \text { Anna } & \text { Female } & 1989 \ 444-44 - 4444 & \text { Ned } & \text { Male } & 1970 \end{array}$\
A-MAX CUSTOMER TABLE
$\begin{array} { c c c c } \text { GSN } & \text { Nane } & \text { Sex } & \text { YearOfBirth } \ 111 - 11 - 1111 & \text { Ned } & \text { M } & 1980 \ 222 - 22 - 2212 & \text { Nelly } & F & 1990 \ 333 - 33 - 3333 & \text { Anna } & F & 1989 \ 555 - 55 - 5555 & \text { Anna } & F & 1970 \end{array}$\
AM CUSTOMER ZIPCODE INFO
$\begin{array} { c c } \text { SSN } & \text { ZipCode } \ 111 - 11 - 1111 & 60611 \ 222 - 22 - 2122 & 60655 \ 333 - 33 - 3333 & 60601 \ 444 - 44 - 4444 & 60611 \ 555 - 55 - 5555 & 60655 \end{array}$

This scenario will be used for the following questions citing ALSETMAX COMPANY.
-Based on the data in the three source tables,how many records in the dimension CUSTOMER in the populated star schema for ALSETMAX COMPANY represent a female customer?

Accepted Answer

We can determine the gender of each customer by looking at the "Gender" or "Sex" column in each table. There are three female customers: Nelly, Anna, and Anna. These customers are represented by four records in the dimension CUSTOMER since two of them (Anna and Nelly) have the same name but different SSNs.

Question 18

Which of the following is NOT true? Front-end (BI)applications are used to retrieve the data from:

Accepted Answer

Front-end (BI) applications are not used to retrieve data from the ETL infrastructure. Instead, ETL infrastructure is responsible for extracting, transforming, and loading data from various sources into the data warehouse or data marts. Front-end applications retrieve data from the data warehouse or appropriate data mart. Therefore, option B is not true. Options A, C, and D are true as front-end (BI) applications can retrieve data from dependent data marts, independent data marts, and the data warehouse.

Question 19

ALSETMAX COMPANY
Observe the three different tables that exist in the ALSETMAX COMPANY and contains the information about customers.Assume all the values in all tables are correct.All three tables will be used as the source tables for the dimension CUSTOMER in the ALSETMAX COMPANY dimensionally modeled data warehouse.
 ALSE TMAX CUSTOMERS
$\begin{array} { c l l c } \text { SSN } & \text { Name } & \text { Gemder } & \text { CustBirthYear } \ 111 - 11 - 1111 & \text { Ned } & \text { Male } & 1980 \ 222 - 22 - 2222 & \text { Nelly } & \text { Female } & 1990 \ 333 - 33 - 3333 & \text { Anna } & \text { Female } & 1989 \ 444-44 - 4444 & \text { Ned } & \text { Male } & 1970 \end{array}$\
A-MAX CUSTOMER TABLE
$\begin{array} { c c c c } \text { GSN } & \text { Nane } & \text { Sex } & \text { YearOfBirth } \ 111 - 11 - 1111 & \text { Ned } & \text { M } & 1980 \ 222 - 22 - 2212 & \text { Nelly } & F & 1990 \ 333 - 33 - 3333 & \text { Anna } & F & 1989 \ 555 - 55 - 5555 & \text { Anna } & F & 1970 \end{array}$\
AM CUSTOMER ZIPCODE INFO
$\begin{array} { c c } \text { SSN } & \text { ZipCode } \ 111 - 11 - 1111 & 60611 \ 222 - 22 - 2122 & 60655 \ 333 - 33 - 3333 & 60601 \ 444 - 44 - 4444 & 60611 \ 555 - 55 - 5555 & 60655 \end{array}$

This scenario will be used for the following questions citing ALSETMAX COMPANY.
-Based on the data in the three source tables,how many records in the dimension CUSTOMER in the populated star schema for ALSETMAX COMPANY represent a customer named Ned?

Accepted Answer

There are two records in the populated star schema for ALSETMAX COMPANY that represent a customer named Ned. The first record comes from the ALSETMAX CUSTOMERS table and the second record comes from the A-MAX CUSTOMER TABLE. The third record in the ALSETMAX CUSTOMERS table also represents a customer named Ned, but it has a different SSN and therefore would not be combined with the other two records in the populated star schema. The fourth record in the A-MAX CUSTOMER TABLE represents a customer with a different name altogether. Therefore, the total number of records in the dimension CUSTOMER that represent a customer named Ned is 2.

Question 20

ALSETMAX COMPANY
Observe the three different tables that exist in the ALSETMAX COMPANY and contains the information about customers.Assume all the values in all tables are correct.All three tables will be used as the source tables for the dimension CUSTOMER in the ALSETMAX COMPANY dimensionally modeled data warehouse.
 ALSE TMAX CUSTOMERS
$\begin{array} { c l l c } \text { SSN } & \text { Name } & \text { Gemder } & \text { CustBirthYear } \ 111 - 11 - 1111 & \text { Ned } & \text { Male } & 1980 \ 222 - 22 - 2222 & \text { Nelly } & \text { Female } & 1990 \ 333 - 33 - 3333 & \text { Anna } & \text { Female } & 1989 \ 444-44 - 4444 & \text { Ned } & \text { Male } & 1970 \end{array}$\
A-MAX CUSTOMER TABLE
$\begin{array} { c c c c } \text { GSN } & \text { Nane } & \text { Sex } & \text { YearOfBirth } \ 111 - 11 - 1111 & \text { Ned } & \text { M } & 1980 \ 222 - 22 - 2212 & \text { Nelly } & F & 1990 \ 333 - 33 - 3333 & \text { Anna } & F & 1989 \ 555 - 55 - 5555 & \text { Anna } & F & 1970 \end{array}$\
AM CUSTOMER ZIPCODE INFO
$\begin{array} { c c } \text { SSN } & \text { ZipCode } \ 111 - 11 - 1111 & 60611 \ 222 - 22 - 2122 & 60655 \ 333 - 33 - 3333 & 60601 \ 444 - 44 - 4444 & 60611 \ 555 - 55 - 5555 & 60655 \end{array}$

This scenario will be used for the following questions citing ALSETMAX COMPANY.
-Based on the data in the three source tables,how many records will the dimension CUSTOMER in the populated star schema for ALSETMAX COMPANY have?

Accepted Answer

The dimension CUSTOMER in the populated star schema for ALSETMAX COMPANY will have 5 records. This is because the three source tables contain overlapping and distinct information about customers. The first table (ALSETMAX CUSTOMERS) has 4 unique customers, the second table (A-MAX CUSTOMER TABLE) has 4 unique customers with one duplicate, and the third table (AM CUSTOMER ZIPCODE INFO) has 4 unique customers with one missing. Therefore, when we combine the information from all three tables, we get a total of 5 unique customers.

Quiz 9: Data Warehouse Implementation and Use

If applicable,the archived data from operational sources is loaded in the data warehouse during the:

Data cleansing is a part of:

OLAP/BI tools can be used for:

Querying and presenting data from data warehouses and/or data marts for analytical purposes is known as:

OLAP tools are:

Which of the following processes is typically the most time- and resource-consuming?

Updating,querying,and presenting data from databases for operational purposes is known as:

The set of processes that is used to populate the data warehouse tables with the appropriate relevant data retrieved from the operational databases is known as:

The ETL infrastructure is essentially predetermined by the results of the requirements collection and data warehouse modeling processes that specify:

In the case of so-called active data warehouses,the loads occur in ________ that happen continuously,ensuring that the data in the data warehouse is updated close to real time (enabling analysis of the latest data) .

Which of the following is NOT true? Front-end (BI) applications are used to retrieve the data from: