Question 1

A group of scientists would like to determine lifestyle factors that are associated with the development of asthma among American children.Based on this information,the researchers should design a(n)_____ study.

Accepted Answer

An epidemiological study is focused on examining the incidence, distribution, and possible control of diseases and other health factors. This type of study would be best suited for determining lifestyle factors associated with the development of asthma among American children. A double-blind study is used to reduce bias in clinical trials by blinding both the participants and the researchers to who is receiving the treatment or placebo. An in vivo study is conducted in a whole living organism, whereas a conventional study is not a recognized research method.

Question 2

Generally,epidemiological studies ______.

Accepted Answer

Epidemiological studies can determine correlations between variables, but they cannot establish cause-and-effect relationships without experimental manipulation.

Question 3

Which of the following observations is an example of a positive correlation?

Accepted Answer

A positive correlation occurs when two variables move in the same direction. In option B, as vitamin D intake decreases, the percentage of people with healthy immune systems also decreases, indicating a positive correlation.

Question 4

Having a control group enables researchers to ______.

Accepted Answer

Having a control group enables researchers to compare findings of the control group with those of the experimental group, which helps to determine the effectiveness of the intervention or treatment being studied. The other options are also important considerations when using control groups, but they are not the primary purpose.

Question 5

Derek takes protein supplements before and after his workouts.He told his workout partner that he became 200% stronger within a couple of months after he added the supplements to his diet.His report about the effects of the supplements is an example of a(n)______.

Accepted Answer

Derek's report about the effects of the supplements is an anecdote, which is a personal story or experience, rather than a scientifically backed report or study.

Question 6

Which of the following kinds of studies would be the best to use when investigating whether cigarette smoking influences weight gain?

Accepted Answer

Cohort studies are ideal for investigating the relationship between an exposure (cigarette smoking) and an outcome (weight gain) by following a group of individuals over time to observe any changes in health status. This type of study design allows for identification of cause-and-effect relationships and can control for confounding variables. Double-blind and single-blind studies are used to reduce bias in clinical trials, while conventional studies typically lack control groups or randomization.

Question 7

Which of the following observations is an example of an inverse correlation?

Accepted Answer

Inverse correlation means that as one variable increases, the other variable decreases. In option D, as the number of cigarettes smoked by pregnant women increases, the weight of the baby decreases, indicating an inverse correlation. The other options do not show an inverse correlation.

Question 8

Which of the following observations is an example of a positive correlation?

Accepted Answer

This observation shows that as physical activity level increases, the muscle mass of children also increases, indicating a positive correlation between the two variables.

Question 9

Scientists in a Central American country are studying factors that may be associated with delayed physical growth among a group of low-income children.The children live in a region of the nation that has high levels of lead in drinking water.This study is an example of a(an)____ study.

Accepted Answer

This study is focused on observing and analyzing the patterns and distribution of delayed physical growth among the low-income children living in a region with high levels of lead in drinking water. This type of study is characteristic of an epidemiological study which looks at the distribution and determinants of health and disease patterns in populations.

Question 10

A physician who hosts a popular TV show makes several nutrition-related claims during one of the programs.Which of the doctor's claims is a "red flag" of unreliable information?

Accepted Answer

Kava has not been proven to cure migraine headaches and is actually known to have potential liver toxicity. This claim may be a red flag for unreliable information. The other options mention factual information or common knowledge.

Question 11

Which of the following observations is an example of an inverse correlation?

Accepted Answer

An inverse correlation means that as one variable increases, the other variable decreases. In this case, as the consumption of milk and milk products increases, the risk of bone fractures decreases.

Question 12

Dylan takes garlic pills to lower his blood cholesterol level,and he recommends the pills to his friends,because he thinks the supplement is helpful.Dylan's nutrition-related advice to his friends is an example of a(an)______.

Accepted Answer

Dylan's recommendation is based on his own personal experience and may not be backed up by scientific evidence or research. This is an example of an anecdote, which is a personal story or account that is not necessarily representative of broader statistics or facts.

Question 13

Which of the following observations is an example of a positive correlation?

Accepted Answer

In a positive correlation, both variables move in the same direction. In option A, both the weight gain of women and the birthweights of their babies tend to be lower than average, indicating a positive correlation.

Question 14

Zack takes 500 mg of vitamin C daily.He advises his friends to take vitamin C supplements because,he claims,the vitamin protects him from cold viruses.His claim about the usefulness of the vitamin is an ______.

Accepted Answer

Zack's claim is based on his personal experience and observation, which is an anecdote. It is not a scientific study or a clinical trial that can provide evidence for the effectiveness of vitamin C against cold viruses.

Question 15

Scientists study 200 adults who have type 2 diabetes,and 200 adults who have similar characteristics but do not have the disease.For 18 months,the researchers collect lifestyle information on all the study participants.According to the study's findings,the adults with type 2 diabetes were 25% less physically active than their counterparts who did not have type 2 diabetes.This is an example of a(n)_____ study.

Accepted Answer

This is a case-control study, as the researchers compared a group with the disease (cases) to a group without the disease (controls) to identify potential risk factors.

Question 16

Emily has brittle fingernails that crack and split easily.Emily's mother advises her daughter to take gelatin pills 3 times/day,because she has heard the practice strengthens fingernails.The mother's nutrition-related advice about the benefit of taking gelatin pills is an example of a(n)

Accepted Answer

The answer of Emily has brittle fingernails that crack and...

Question 17

The host of a radio program makes a "red flag" claim about a nutrition-related product,because the claim is generally an indication that the information about the product is unreliable.The radio program host said,______.

Accepted Answer

The claim "All ingredients in this product have been scientifically tested and clinically proven" is a red flag because it implies that the product has been extensively tested and proven effective, which is often used as a marketing tactic to make the product seem more legitimate. However, such claims are often exaggerated or not backed up with credible evidence.

Question 18

Phil is a participant in a study designed to examine the effects of taking a dietary supplement on muscle tissue development.Phil suspects he is in the experimental group,because he is certain his muscles are bigger and stronger as a result of taking the product supplied by the researchers.When the study is completed,Phil learns that he did not receive the dietary supplement.Phil thinks the researchers made a mistake-he is certain his muscle mass increased while he took the supplement.According to this information,Phil's belief that his physical condition improved while he participated in the study is an example of ______.

Accepted Answer

Phil's belief that he experienced an improvement in his physical condition even though he did not receive the dietary supplement suggests that he experienced the placebo effect. The placebo effect refers to the phenomenon where a person experiences a positive outcome from a treatment or intervention, even though the treatment itself may have no therapeutic value. In this case, Phil's belief that he had taken the supplement and experienced improvements in his muscle tissue may have led to his actual experience of these changes, even though he did not receive the active supplement.

Question 19

A researcher wants to identify lifestyle factors that increase the risk of stomach cancer in men.His study design involves enrolling 250 adult men who have stomach cancer,and 250 men who are cancer free,but have similar characteristics and backgrounds as the men who have stomach cancer.The researcher collects and analyzes information about each participant's lifestyle.Based on this information,what kind of study is the researcher conducting?

Accepted Answer

The researcher is conducting a case-control study, where participants with a disease (cases) are compared with those without the disease (controls) but with similar characteristics and backgrounds. In this case, the researcher is comparing lifestyle factors between men who have stomach cancer (cases) and those who do not have it (controls).

Question 20

Scientists would like to conduct a study to identify lifestyle factors that are associated with delayed physical growth among a group of low-income American children.Which of the following research designs would be the best for the researchers to use when designing their study?

Accepted Answer

An epidemiological study is the best choice for this scenario as it will allow the researchers to identify patterns and associations between lifestyle factors and delayed physical growth in large groups of children. This type of study is also well-suited for examining complex relationships between multiple potential risk factors and outcomes. A human in vivo experimental design would not be appropriate as it involves manipulating variables in a controlled setting, which is not feasible in this case. A double-blind design is typically used in clinical trials to reduce bias but is not relevant in this study. An interventional design is also not ideal as it involves actively manipulating variables, which is not appropriate for this study's goals.

Quiz 2: Evaluating Nutrition Information

A group of scientists would like to determine lifestyle factors that are associated with the development of asthma among American children.Based on this information,the researchers should design a(n) _____ study.

Generally,epidemiological studies ______.

Which of the following observations is an example of a positive correlation?

Having a control group enables researchers to ______.

Derek takes protein supplements before and after his workouts.He told his workout partner that he became 200% stronger within a couple of months after he added the supplements to his diet.His report about the effects of the supplements is an example of a(n) ______.

Which of the following kinds of studies would be the best to use when investigating whether cigarette smoking influences weight gain?

Which of the following observations is an example of an inverse correlation?

Which of the following observations is an example of a positive correlation?

Scientists in a Central American country are studying factors that may be associated with delayed physical growth among a group of low-income children.The children live in a region of the nation that has high levels of lead in drinking water.This study is an example of a(an) ____ study.

A physician who hosts a popular TV show makes several nutrition-related claims during one of the programs.Which of the doctor's claims is a "red flag" of unreliable information?

Which of the following observations is an example of an inverse correlation?

Dylan takes garlic pills to lower his blood cholesterol level,and he recommends the pills to his friends,because he thinks the supplement is helpful.Dylan's nutrition-related advice to his friends is an example of a(an) ______.

Which of the following observations is an example of a positive correlation?

Zack takes 500 mg of vitamin C daily.He advises his friends to take vitamin C supplements because,he claims,the vitamin protects him from cold viruses.His claim about the usefulness of the vitamin is an ______.

Emily has brittle fingernails that crack and split easily.Emily's mother advises her daughter to take gelatin pills 3 times/day,because she has heard the practice strengthens fingernails.The mother's nutrition-related advice about the benefit of taking gelatin pills is an example of a(n)

The host of a radio program makes a "red flag" claim about a nutrition-related product,because the claim is generally an indication that the information about the product is unreliable.The radio program host said,______.

Scientists would like to conduct a study to identify lifestyle factors that are associated with delayed physical growth among a group of low-income American children.Which of the following research designs would be the best for the researchers to use when designing their study?