Question 1

In a(n)_____design,an individual in one condition is paired with a different individual in another condition who has similar characteristics.
A)independent groups design
B)correlated groups design
C)matched-subjects design
D)repeated measures design

Accepted Answer

This is the definition of a matched-subjects design, where participants in one condition are matched with participants in another condition based on certain characteristics, such as age or gender, in order to control for those variables and increase the internal validity of the study. The other options do not involve matching participants. A independent groups design involves randomly assigning participants to different conditions, a correlated groups design involves measuring two variables and seeing how they relate to each other, and a repeated measures design involves using the same participants in all conditions.

Question 2

Parametric statistical test assumes that there is homogeneity of variance in both groups.

Accepted Answer

Parametric statistical tests such as t-tests and ANOVA assume that the variance in both groups being compared is approximately equal or homogeneous. This assumption must be checked before conducting these tests.

Question 3

The ability to make a causal inference between two variables is a function of the statistical technique used to analyze the data that are yielded by the research design.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The ability to make a causal inference...

Question 4

Experimental strategies automatically control for confounding variables.

Accepted Answer

Experimental strategies do not automatically control for confounding variables; researchers must design the experiment carefully to control or adjust for these variables through techniques such as randomization, matching, or statistical control.

Question 5

An advantage of using a within-subjects design instead of a between-subjects design is
A)it is more economical in terms of participants
B)more control over confounding variables.
C)it reduces the chances of carryover effects.
D)a and b
E)all of these

Accepted Answer

A within-subjects design is more economical in terms of participants because the same participants are used for all conditions, reducing the need to recruit and pay a large number of participants. Additionally, more control over confounding variables can be achieved because individual differences between participants are eliminated as a factor when using the same participants for all conditions. However, there is a risk of carryover effects (the effect of one condition carrying over to the next), which can be addressed through counterbalancing. Therefore, the best answer is D, which includes both benefits of within-subjects designs.

Question 6

Scores on a math aptitude exam for 30 males were compared to those of 30 females.The appropriate design for testing the significance of the difference between the two group means is a
A)between-subjects design.
B)within-subjects design.

Accepted Answer

A between-subjects design is appropriate for comparing the mean scores of two different groups (males and females) on a math aptitude exam. A within-subjects design would not be appropriate in this scenario as it involves comparing mean scores of the same group at different points in time or under different conditions.

Question 7

A major goal of research design is to create alternative explanations.

Accepted Answer

A major goal of research design is to eliminate or control alternative explanations, ensuring that the observed outcomes can be attributed to the variables being studied rather than other factors.

Question 8

An advantage of matching over holding a variable constant is that
A)it may restrict the generalizability of the results.
B)within a group the confounding variable does not vary.
C)for each individual in one group there is a comparable individual in each of the other groups who has the same value on the confounding variable.
D)all individuals within a group have the same value on the confounding variable.

Accepted Answer

Matching ensures that for each individual in one group, there is a comparable individual in each of the other groups who has the same value on the confounding variable, which helps to reduce the impact of confounding variables on the results. Choosing the same value on the confounding variable for all individuals in a group (option D) is not always feasible or necessary, and holding a variable constant (option B) may not be sufficient to control for confounding. Restricting the generalizability of results (option A) can also be a disadvantage of matching, but this is not the advantage discussed in the question.

Question 9

When studying the relationship between two variables,the investigator is essentially interested in determining how the different values of one variable are associated with the values of another variable.

Accepted Answer

This statement accurately defines the purpose of studying the relationship between two variables.

Question 10

An observational study manipulates an independent variable.

Accepted Answer

An observational study is an investigation where the researcher does not manipulate any variables. Instead, the researcher simply observes and records the behavior of the participants without any interference. The purpose of an observational study is to gather data and analyze observations to identify patterns, correlations, and links between variables.

Question 11

The robustness of statistical test is determined by sample size only.

Accepted Answer

The robustness of a statistical test is influenced by several factors such as sample size, distributional assumptions, presence of outliers, and measurement error, among others. Therefore, sample size is not the only determinant of the robustness of a statistical test.

Question 12

It is possible that 2 variables can appear to be related to each other but there is no causal relationship.

Accepted Answer

Just because two variables have a correlation or association does not necessarily mean that one causes the other. Additional research and analysis is needed to determine if there is a causal relationship between them.

Question 13

_____ statistics focus on differences between distributions of scores and can be used to analyze quantitative variables that are measured on an _____level.
A)Parametric;interval
B)Parametric;ordinal
C)Nonparametric;interval
D)Nonparametric;ordinal

Accepted Answer

The answer of _____ statistics focus on differences between distributions...

Question 14

Statisticians may determine the effects of violating assumptions by
A)using mathematical logic
B)conducting a Monte Carlo study
C)both of these
D)none of these

Accepted Answer

Statisticians may determine the effects of violating assumptions by using mathematical logic and conducting a Monte Carlo study. Both methods are used to determine the impact of violating assumptions on statistical inference. Mathematical logic is used to analyze the properties of statistical methods under certain assumptions, while a Monte Carlo study involves generating simulated data sets and comparing the results of different statistical methods on those data sets to determine how sensitive the results are to violations of assumptions.

Question 15

In an experimental strategy,a set of procedures or manipulations is performed in order to create different values of the dependent variable for the research participants.

Accepted Answer

In an experimental strategy, a set of procedures or manipulations is performed to create different values of the independent variable, not the dependent variable, to observe its effect on the dependent variable.

Question 16

In contrast to an experimental strategy,an observational strategy or a non-experimental strategy involves the process of actively creating values on an independent variable for the research participants.

Accepted Answer

In contrast to an experimental strategy, an observational strategy or a non-experimental strategy involves observing and measuring values on the independent variable without actively manipulating it.

Question 17

One disadvantage of using a within-subjects design is carry-over effects from condition to the next.

Accepted Answer

In a within-subjects design, participants experience all conditions, which increases the risk of carry-over effects where the effect of one condition carries over to the next. This can influence the validity of the results obtained.

Question 18

Twenty alcoholics are given a test to measure anxiety before and after a one-month detox program.The appropriate design for testing the significance of the difference between the two group means is a
A)between-subjects design.
B)within-subjects design.

Accepted Answer

A within-subjects design is appropriate for testing the significance of the difference between the two group means because the same individuals are being tested before and after the detox program. This allows for a comparison of individual changes, which is the most appropriate way to assess the effectiveness of the program. A between-subjects design would involve different individuals being tested before and after the detox program, which would not allow for a direct comparison of individual changes.

Question 19

The advantage of including a control group when utilizing an experimental strategy is that it provides a baseline for evaluating the effects of the experimental manipulation.

Accepted Answer

Including a control group allows for comparison between the group receiving the experimental manipulation and a group that did not receive the manipulation, providing a baseline for evaluating the effects of the manipulation.

Question 20

A cross-sectional design is the same as a longitudinal but the latter takes longer.

Accepted Answer

A cross-sectional design and a longitudinal design are different research designs. A cross-sectional design gathers data from a group of participants at one time point, while a longitudinal design follows the same group of participants over an extended period of time, collecting data at multiple time points. Therefore, a longitudinal design takes longer than a cross-sectional design.

Quiz 9: Principles of Research Design and Statistical Preliminaries for Analyzing Bivariate Relationships

In a(n) _____design,an individual in one condition is paired with a different individual in another condition who has similar characteristics.

Parametric statistical test assumes that there is homogeneity of variance in both groups.

The ability to make a causal inference between two variables is a function of the statistical technique used to analyze the data that are yielded by the research design.

Experimental strategies automatically control for confounding variables.

An advantage of using a within-subjects design instead of a between-subjects design is

Scores on a math aptitude exam for 30 males were compared to those of 30 females.The appropriate design for testing the significance of the difference between the two group means is a