Question 1

The degree of association between two variables,over and above the influence of one or more other variables,is

Accepted Answer

The concept described in the question is that of partial correlation, which measures the degree of association between two variables while controlling for the influence of one or more other variables. Therefore, the best choice is option C - partial correlation. Option A - path analysis - refers to a type of statistical analysis that examines the causal relationships among variables in a model. Option B - reliability - refers to the consistency and stability of a measurement instrument, and is not directly related to the question at hand. Option D - factor analysis - is a statistical technique used to identify underlying dimensions or factors that explain the interrelationships among a set of variables, and is not relevant to the concept described in the question.

Question 2

In the formula Y = a + (b₁)(X₁)+ (b₂)(X₂)+ e,the term "b1" refers to

Accepted Answer

The term "b1" refers to the degree of influence of the first predictor variable on the criterion variable. In this formula, "b" represents the regression coefficients for each predictor variable, and the subscript indicates which predictor variable it refers to. Therefore, "b1" specifically refers to the coefficient for the first predictor variable (X₁).

Question 3

The "least-squares criterion" sets the a's and b's in the general linear model so that

Accepted Answer

The least-squares criterion aims to minimize the sum of the squared errors (e) between the predicted values of the dependent variable (Yi) and the observed values (Yi') for all participants. Mathematically, this can be expressed as the sum of (Yi - Yi')^2. Setting the a's and b's in the general linear model so that this sum is as low as possible is known as the least-squares solution. Therefore, the correct choice is C.

Question 4

An educational psychologist who gives the same test twice to the same people to check the accuracy of the test is assessing

Accepted Answer

Test-retest reliability refers to the consistency of scores achieved by the same people when they take the same test twice or more at different times. In this scenario, the educational psychologist is giving the same test twice to the same people to check the accuracy, which is an example of test-retest reliability assessment.

Question 5

An advanced type of regression analysis that handles research situations in which people are grouped in some way that could affect the pattern of scores is

Accepted Answer

Multilevel modeling is designed to analyze data from research situations where people are grouped in some way that could affect the pattern of scores. It is a more advanced and sophisticated version of regression analysis that can handle the complexities and dependencies inherent in nested data structures. Multiple regression and partial correlation are not specifically designed for this type of data, and factor analysis is a completely different type of statistical technique.

Question 6

A general formula whose underlying logic connects t tests,analysis of variance,correlation,and multiple regression is the

Accepted Answer

The general linear model (GLM) is a widely used statistical framework that encompasses t tests, analysis of variance, correlation, and multiple regression. It is a versatile tool for analyzing relationships between variables, incorporating one or more predictors to explain variation in an outcome variable. GLM assumes a linear relationship between the predictors and the outcome, normally distributed residuals, and constant variance.

Question 7

Cronbach's alpha can be thought of as

Accepted Answer

Cronbach's alpha is a measure of internal consistency reliability, which is the extent to which items on a test or scale are consistent in measuring the same construct. It is calculated as the average of all possible split-half correlations, where each half of the test consists of a randomly selected subset of items. Therefore, option A is correct as it provides an accurate definition of Cronbach's alpha. Option B is incorrect as it refers to only the largest and smallest correlations among test items, which is not the same as Cronbach's alpha. Options C and D refer to other statistical concepts unrelated to Cronbach's alpha.

Question 8

Test reliabilities are most likely to be discussed in research articles when

Accepted Answer

Test reliabilities are most likely to be discussed in research articles when a new measure is developed, as researchers need to establish the reliability of the measure before using it in further research. This is particularly important in fields like psychology, where measures are often created specifically for a particular study or population. Studies that report the development of a new measure will often provide information on the reliability and validity of the measure, as well as details about the process of creating and testing the measure.

Question 9

The t test can be derived from all of the following EXCEPT

Accepted Answer

The t test is not directly derived from the Z test. The Z test is used when the population variance is known, while the t test is used when the population variance is unknown and is estimated from the sample. The t test can be seen as an extension or adaptation of the Z test for situations where the population parameters are not fully known, but it is not derived from the Z test in the same way it can be derived from multiple regression, bivariate correlation, or analysis of variance, where the t test is used to assess the significance of individual predictors, the strength of the relationship between two variables, or differences between means, respectively.

Question 10

A social psychologist who correlates the responses of half of the items on a questionnaire with the other half to check the accuracy of the measure is assessing

Accepted Answer

Split-half reliability is the assessment of the consistency of a measure by dividing the test into two halves and correlating the responses of one half with the responses of the other half. This method is commonly used in social psychology to ensure the accuracy of a measure. Option A, model fit refers to how well the data fits a particular statistical model, which is not relevant in this scenario. Option B, test-retest reliability, is the consistency of a measure over time, which is not being assessed here. Option D, interrater reliability, is the degree of agreement among different raters or observers, which is also not relevant in this case.

Question 11

When ratings are made on a nominal scale,interrater reliability should be assessed using

Accepted Answer

Cohen's kappa is the most appropriate measure to assess interrater reliability for nominal data as it takes into account chance agreement among raters. Pearson correlation and Spearman's rho are used for continuous data, while Cronbach's alpha is used for assessing internal consistency of a scale or measure.

Question 12

The variables about the grouping as a whole in a multilevel model are

Accepted Answer

The variables about the grouping as a whole in a multilevel model are referred to as upper-level variables. These are factors that affect all individuals or units in a group and can include things like group size, group composition, and shared experiences.

Question 13

The variables about the people or observations within each grouping in a multilevel model are

Accepted Answer

Lower-level variables are the variables about the people or observations within each grouping in a multilevel model. Upper-level variables refer to variables about the groups themselves, and middle-level variables refer to variables that operate at the interface between the lower and upper levels. Criterion-level variables refer to the outcome variable being predicted or explained by the model.

Question 14

The formula Ŷ = a + (b₁)(X₁)+ (b₂)(X₂)+ (b₃)(X₃)is the formula for

Accepted Answer

The formula given is for multiple regression, which is used to predict a dependent variable based on multiple independent variables. This formula has coefficients (b) for each independent variable (X₁, X₂, X₃) and an intercept term (a).

Question 15

An investigator wants to know the relation between burden and mastery over and above any possible effects of depression.The procedure the investigator would use is

Accepted Answer

The best choice in this scenario is partial correlation, as it allows the investigator to statistically control for the effects of depression and isolate the relationship between burden and mastery. Bivariate correlation would not control for the effects of depression, whereas factor loading and factor analysis are not appropriate techniques for examining the relationship between two variables.

Question 16

If a measure has low reliability,the correlation between it and any other variable will typically be

Accepted Answer

Low reliability means that the measure is not consistent in its measurement. As a result, the correlation between this measure and any other variable will be weaker since the measure is not fully capturing the construct it is supposed to measure. Therefore, the correlation will typically be reduced.

Question 17

A test would be considered most useful when its reliability is

Accepted Answer

A test is considered to be reliable if its reliability coefficient is greater than .90. This means that the test is consistent and yields the same or similar results each time it is administered. A reliability coefficient below .90 indicates that there is a significant amount of measurement error and the test results may not be trustworthy or accurate. Therefore, choice D is the best choice as it indicates a high level of reliability.

Question 18

The general linear model is called a "linear model" because

Accepted Answer

The general linear model is called a "linear model" because it does not contain squared (or higher power) terms in the equation.

Question 19

The difference among means of groups is ordinarily tested by

Accepted Answer

Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and t tests are commonly used to test for differences among means of groups. ANOVA is appropriate when comparing more than two groups, while t tests are used when comparing two groups. Options A and B are not commonly used for testing differences among means, although they may be used in some circumstances. Option D is somewhat related, but t tests are more appropriate for testing differences among means when only comparing two groups.

Question 20

In the general linear model,errors in predictions are caused by

Accepted Answer

The errors in predictions in the general linear model are caused by influences that are not measured by any of the predictor variables. These unmeasured influences are often referred to as random error or residual variance. The other options (A, C, and D) do not fully explain the source of errors in the general linear model.

Quiz 15: The General Linear Model and Making Sense of Advanced Statistical Procedures in Research Articles

The degree of association between two variables,over and above the influence of one or more other variables,is

In the formula Y = a + (b₁) (X₁) + (b₂) (X₂) + e,the term "b1" refers to

The "least-squares criterion" sets the a's and b's in the general linear model so that

An educational psychologist who gives the same test twice to the same people to check the accuracy of the test is assessing

An advanced type of regression analysis that handles research situations in which people are grouped in some way that could affect the pattern of scores is

A general formula whose underlying logic connects t tests,analysis of variance,correlation,and multiple regression is the

Cronbach's alpha can be thought of as

Test reliabilities are most likely to be discussed in research articles when

The t test can be derived from all of the following EXCEPT

A social psychologist who correlates the responses of half of the items on a questionnaire with the other half to check the accuracy of the measure is assessing

When ratings are made on a nominal scale,interrater reliability should be assessed using

The variables about the grouping as a whole in a multilevel model are

The variables about the people or observations within each grouping in a multilevel model are

The formula Ŷ = a + (b₁) (X₁) + (b₂) (X₂) + (b₃) (X₃) is the formula for

An investigator wants to know the relation between burden and mastery over and above any possible effects of depression.The procedure the investigator would use is

If a measure has low reliability,the correlation between it and any other variable will typically be

A test would be considered most useful when its reliability is

The general linear model is called a "linear model" because

The difference among means of groups is ordinarily tested by

In the general linear model,errors in predictions are caused by

Quiz 15: The General Linear Model and Making Sense of Advanced Statistical Procedures in Research Articles

The degree of association between two variables,over and above the influence of one or more other variables,is

In the formula Y = a + (b1) (X1) + (b2) (X2) + e,the term "b1" refers to

The "least-squares criterion" sets the a's and b's in the general linear model so that

An educational psychologist who gives the same test twice to the same people to check the accuracy of the test is assessing

An advanced type of regression analysis that handles research situations in which people are grouped in some way that could affect the pattern of scores is

A general formula whose underlying logic connects t tests,analysis of variance,correlation,and multiple regression is the

Cronbach's alpha can be thought of as

Test reliabilities are most likely to be discussed in research articles when

The t test can be derived from all of the following EXCEPT

A social psychologist who correlates the responses of half of the items on a questionnaire with the other half to check the accuracy of the measure is assessing

When ratings are made on a nominal scale,interrater reliability should be assessed using

The variables about the grouping as a whole in a multilevel model are

The variables about the people or observations within each grouping in a multilevel model are

The formula Ŷ = a + (b1) (X1) + (b2) (X2) + (b3) (X3) is the formula for

An investigator wants to know the relation between burden and mastery over and above any possible effects of depression.The procedure the investigator would use is

If a measure has low reliability,the correlation between it and any other variable will typically be

A test would be considered most useful when its reliability is

The general linear model is called a "linear model" because

The difference among means of groups is ordinarily tested by

In the general linear model,errors in predictions are caused by

In the formula Y = a + (b₁) (X₁) + (b₂) (X₂) + e,the term "b1" refers to

The formula Ŷ = a + (b₁) (X₁) + (b₂) (X₂) + (b₃) (X₃) is the formula for