Question 1

Which of the following hormones are involved in the secondary male sexual characteristics?

Accepted Answer

Testosterone is the primary hormone involved in the development of secondary male sexual characteristics such as deepening of the voice, growth of facial and body hair, increase in muscle mass and bone density.

Question 2

Which hormone is an example of an amino acid derivative?

Accepted Answer

Thyroxine is an example of an amino acid derivative hormone, specifically derived from the amino acid tyrosine.

Question 3

When epinephrine interacts with a cell,the step immediately following binding of the messenger with the receptor site is

Accepted Answer

The step immediately following the binding of epinephrine (or any similar messenger) to its receptor is the activation of a G protein in the cell membrane. This is part of the signal transduction pathway that leads to various cellular responses.

Question 4

Which of the following hormones are involved in the retention of water and blood pressure?

Accepted Answer

Vasopressin, also known as antidiuretic hormone (ADH), is responsible for the retention of water in the kidneys, which helps to increase blood volume and maintain blood pressure. Thyroxine, epinephrine, testosterone, and estrogen are not directly involved in water retention or blood pressure regulation.

Question 5

Which of the following hormones are involved in growth and development?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following hormones are involved...

Question 6

The second messenger cAMP is synthesized from

Accepted Answer

The second messenger cAMP (cyclic adenosine monophosphate) is synthesized from ATP (adenosine triphosphate) by the enzyme adenylate cyclase.

Question 7

Which of the following compounds is not an amino acid derivative hormone?

Accepted Answer

All the listed compounds (dopamine, epinephrine, thyroxine, and norepinephrine) are derived from amino acids, specifically tyrosine, making them amino acid derivative hormones.

Question 8

Vasopressin is an example of which type of hormone?

Accepted Answer

Vasopressin, also known as antidiuretic hormone (ADH), is a hormone produced in the hypothalamus and released by the pituitary gland. It consists of nine amino acids linked together, making it a polypeptide hormone. Polypeptide hormones are composed of chains of amino acids and include many hormones involved in regulating various bodily functions such as growth, metabolism, and reproduction.

Question 9

List and briefly describe the chemical sequence of events in the fight-or-flight response to a threatening situation from the binding of epinephrine at the receptor site to readiness for another situation.

Accepted Answer

The answer of List and briefly describe the chemical sequence...

Question 10

Describe in detail the two ways in which a hormone can deliver its message to a target cell.What characteristics of the hormone determine which mechanism is used?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Describe in detail the two ways in...

Question 11

Which hormone is an example of a polypeptide?

Accepted Answer

Growth hormone (GH) is a polypeptide hormone, meaning it is composed of a chain of amino acids. Epinephrine, thyroxine, estrogen, and cortisone are not polypeptides.

Question 12

Which of the following is an example of an amino acid derivative hormone?

Accepted Answer

Thyroxine is an example of an amino acid derivative hormone, derived from the amino acid tyrosine.

Question 13

The second messenger for the hormones epinephrine is

Accepted Answer

Epinephrine binds to a G protein-coupled receptor, which activates adenylyl cyclase to produce cyclic AMP (cAMP) as the second messenger. Therefore, the correct answer is A, cyclic AMP. AMP, ADP, and ATP are all nucleotides but are not second messengers for epinephrine.

Question 14

Which of the following hormones are involved in counteracting inflammation?

Accepted Answer

Cortisone is a steroid hormone that has anti-inflammatory properties and is involved in suppressing the immune response. It acts by inhibiting phospholipase A2 and reducing the production of inflammatory mediators such as prostaglandins and leukotrienes. Epinephrine and vasopressin are not typically involved in counteracting inflammation, and while testosterone and estrogen can affect immune function, they do not have direct anti-inflammatory effects.

Question 15

Which statement regarding polypeptide hormones is incorrect?

Accepted Answer

Sex hormones are not included in the class of polypeptide hormones. They are classified as steroid hormones.

Question 16

Arrange the steps of the chemical response of a cell to epinephrine in the correct order.
1.production of GTP from GDP
2.conversion of cyclic AMP to ATP
3.activation of a G protein in the cell membrane
4.release of glucose into the bloodstream
5.activation of adenylate cyclase
6.conversion of ATP to cyclic AMP

Accepted Answer

1. Activation of a G protein in the cell membrane (Step 3)
2. Production of GTP from GDP (Step 1)
3. Activation of adenylate cyclase (Step 5)
4. Conversion of ATP to cyclic AMP (Step 6)
5. Release of glucose into the bloodstream (Step 4)
6. Conversion of cyclic AMP to ATP (Step 2)

Therefore, the correct order is: 3, 1, 5, 6, 4, 2, which corresponds to option D.

Question 17

Which of the following hormones must deliver its signal using the "second-messenger" mechanism?

Accepted Answer

Vasopressin utilizes the second-messenger mechanism to deliver its signal. This means that vasopressin binds to a receptor on the membrane of a cell and activates a signaling cascade that ultimately leads to the production of a second messenger molecule (usually cyclic AMP or calcium ions) within the cell. This second messenger then goes on to activate other signaling pathways within the cell, leading to the physiological response that vasopressin is associated with. Estradiol, testosterone, progesterone, and androsterone do not use this mechanism to deliver their signals.

Question 18

Glucocorticoids are a specific type of steroid whose function is to

Accepted Answer

Glucocorticoids, such as cortisol, are primarily involved in regulating glucose metabolism. They increase the breakdown of proteins and fats to release glucose into the bloodstream, and also stimulate gluconeogenesis (the production of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources) in the liver. Glucocorticoids are important in responding to stress, and can also have anti-inflammatory effects.

Question 19

The chemical structure of steroid hormones includes

Accepted Answer

Steroid hormones have a central structure of four connected rings, specifically three cyclohexane rings and one cyclopentane ring. This structure is essential for their biological activity as hormone signals. The other structural elements listed in the answer choices are characteristic of other types of molecules, but not steroid hormones.

Question 20

One example of an amino acid derivative that acts as both a hormone and a neurotransmitter is

Accepted Answer

Epinephrine (also known as adrenaline) is derived from the amino acid tyrosine and acts as both a hormone and a neurotransmitter. It is released by the adrenal gland and functions as a hormone to increase heart rate, constrict blood vessels, and elevate blood sugar levels in response to stress. It also functions as a neurotransmitter in the sympathetic nervous system to mediate the fight or flight response.

Quiz 28: Chemical Messengers: Hormones, neurotransmitters, and Drugs