Question 1

A researcher manipulated one independent variable in a complex design experiment using a random groups design and manipulated the second independent variable using a repeated measures design.The researcher's plan for data analysis should include
A) a correlation between the first and second independent variables.
B) a single-factor ANOVA for the first independent variable and a repeated measures t-test for the second independent variable.
C) a confidence interval for the overall mean for each independent variable.
D) a two-factor ANOVA for a mixed design.

Accepted Answer

The researcher's design includes two independent variables, one manipulated with a random groups design and one with a repeated measures design. The best data analysis plan for this design is a two-factor ANOVA for a mixed design, which will allow for examination of the main effects and interaction between the two independent variables.

Question 2

When our results are "statistically significant" we know
A) the independent variable likely produced an effect on the dependent variable.
B) the direction of the effect of the independent variable.
C) the effect size between the independent and dependent variables is large.
D) all of these

Accepted Answer

Statistical significance primarily indicates that the observed effect is unlikely to be due to chance, suggesting the independent variable likely had an effect on the dependent variable. It does not inform about the direction of the effect or the size of the effect.

Question 3

Confidence intervals drawn around group means in a complex design provide information regarding
A) the probable pattern of population means.
B) the null hypothesis.
C) interaction effects.
D) the statistical significance of any differences among population means.

Accepted Answer

Confidence intervals around group means give an estimate of the range within which the true population means are likely to fall, indicating the probable pattern of population means.

Question 4

A common measure of effect size for the effects in a complex design using ANOVA is
A) N - 1.
B) eta squared.
C) Cohen's d.
D) Mean Square Error.

Accepted Answer

Eta squared is an appropriate measure of effect size for complex designs using ANOVA. It measures the proportion of variance accounted for by a factor in the design. It is a more accurate measure of effect size than mean square error, which is a measure of variability within groups, and Cohen's d, which is more appropriate for two-group comparisons. N - 1 is not a measure of effect size, but rather a formula used to calculate sample variance.

Question 5

= 7.30,p = .01.On the basis of this information we may conclude that
A) there were two independent groups in the experiment.
B) there were 42 total subjects in the experiment.
C) the results are statistically significant.
D) all of these

Accepted Answer

The result has a p-value of .01, which is below the conventional significance level of .05. Therefore, we can conclude that the results are statistically significant. The information provided does not give any indication about the number of subjects or whether there were independent groups in the experiment.

Question 6

Suppose the omnibus analysis of variance for a 2 * 2 complex design reveals only a statistically significant main effect of one independent variable.To understand the effect of this variable the researcher should
A) compute simple main effects analyses.
B) use t-tests to compare two means at a time.
C) examine the means for the independent variable collapsed across the other independent variable.
D) all of these

Accepted Answer

The researcher should examine the means for the independent variable collapsed across the other independent variable to understand the main effect, as it shows the overall effect of that variable regardless of the levels of the other variable.

Question 7

In order to conclude whether the results of an inferential test support the research hypothesis,a researcher must
A) re-state the null hypothesis.
B) examine the descriptive (summary) statistics.
C) determine whether the mean square error is greater than zero.
D) reject probability values greater than .05.

Accepted Answer

The answer of In order to conclude whether the results...

Question 8

If the omnibus analysis of variance for a complex design reveals a statistically significant interaction effect,the source of the interaction effect may be identified using
A) null comparisons.
B) simple main effects analyses.
C) correlational analyses.
D) complex comparisons.

Accepted Answer

Simple main effects analyses are the appropriate method for investigating the source of a statistically significant interaction effect. This analysis examines the effect of one independent variable at each level of the other independent variable involved in the interaction, allowing for a more detailed understanding of the relationship between the variables. Null comparisons, correlational analyses, and complex comparisons are not appropriate for identifying the source of an interaction effect.

Question 9

The ANOVA Summary Table for a two-factor,mixed design is divided into two parts; the between subjects section and the __________ section.
A) interaction
B) within-subjects
C) eta-squared
D) correlation

Accepted Answer

The within-subjects section is the other part of the ANOVA Summary Table for a two-factor, mixed design, and it shows the main effect of the within-subjects factor and any interaction between the two factors. The between subjects section shows the main effect of the between-subjects factor and any interaction involving it.

Question 10

The value of the F-statistic in a single-factor experiment is determined by dividing the Between-Group Mean Square by the
A) Within-Group Mean Square.
B) degrees of freedom.
C) Between-Group Sum of Squares.
D) Total Sum of Squares.

Accepted Answer

The formula for the F-statistic in a single-factor experiment is given as F = MSB / MSW, where MSB is the Between-Group Mean Square and MSW is the Within-Group Mean Square. Therefore, the value of the F-statistic is determined by dividing the Between-Group Mean Square by the Within-Group Mean Square.

Question 11

When reporting the results of a complex design experiment,which of the following should not be included?
A) summary statistics for cells in the design in the text, a table, or a figure
B) results for omnibus F-test, with exact probabilities
C) verbal description of any statistically significant interaction effects
D) each subject's score for each dependent variable

Accepted Answer

Including each subject's score for each dependent variable would not be necessary or informative for reporting the results of a complex design experiment. It would be more appropriate to report summary statistics for each cell in the design, results for the omnibus F-test, and any significant interaction effects with a verbal description.

Question 12

= 7.30,p = .01.On the basis of this information we may conclude that there were _______ independent groups in this experiment.
A) two
B) three
C) four
D) five

Accepted Answer

The answer of = 7.30,p = .01.On the basis of...

Question 13

The initial overall analysis of an experiment based on the analysis of variance is called
A) an omnibus F-test.
B) the between-within test.
C) the interaction F-test.
D) a multiple-group analysis.

Accepted Answer

The initial overall analysis of an experiment based on the analysis of variance is called an omnibus F-test.

Question 14

The expected value of the F-statistic when the null hypothesis is true is ________.
A) 0.0
B) .05
C) .50
D) 1.00

Accepted Answer

The expected value of the F-statistic when the null hypothesis is true is 1.00. This is because the F-statistic is a ratio of two variances (explained variance to unexplained variance), and under the null hypothesis, these variances are expected to be equal, giving a ratio of 1.

Question 15

In general,a repeated measures design is likely to be ________ than a random groups design.
A) less systematic
B) less powerful
C) more sensitive
D) more accurate

Accepted Answer

A repeated measures design involves measuring the same group of participants multiple times, which can increase sensitivity to changes or differences between conditions. This can make it more likely to detect significant results compared to a random groups design, which may not have as much variability in the sample. However, there may be concerns about order effects and potential biases due to participants being aware of the different conditions they are experiencing.

Question 16

The results of an omnibus F-test for a complex design experiment allow the researcher to
A) know whether the interaction effects and main effects are statistically significant.
B) interpret whether the pattern of means supports the hypotheses.
C) know whether the effects in the experiment are linear.
D) know which means in the experiment differ significantly from one another.

Accepted Answer

The omnibus F-test allows the researcher to determine whether any of the main effects or interaction effects in the experiment are statistically significant.

Question 17

The primary way that analysis of variance for repeated measures differs from that for an independent groups design is in the estimation of
A) between-group variation.
B) variability between means.
C) systematic variation.
D) error variation.

Accepted Answer

The primary difference between ANOVA for repeated measures and ANOVA for independent groups is in the estimation of error variation. In independent groups ANOVA, there is only one measure per participant, so the error term is estimated as the variability within groups. However, in repeated measures ANOVA, multiple measures are taken on each participant, and the error term is estimated as the variability within subjects across all conditions. The estimation of between-group variation, variability between means, and systematic variation are all consistent across both designs.

Question 18

If the omnibus analyses of variance for a complex design reveals a statistically significant interaction effect,the source of the interaction effect may be identified using simple main effects analysis and,when there are more than two levels of an independent variable,also
A) complex comparisons.
B) null comparisons.
C) simple correlations between variables.
D) comparisons between two means.

Accepted Answer

The answer of If the omnibus analyses of variance for...

Question 19

Two measures of effect size for an independent groups design with more than two means are
A) the t-test and the F-test.
B) Cohen's d and the F-test.
C) eta-squared and Cohen's f.
D) F squared and rho.

Accepted Answer

eta-squared and Cohen's f are both appropriate measures of effect size for independent groups designs with more than two means. Eta-squared is a measure of the proportion of variance in the outcome variable that can be explained by the group membership variable, while Cohen's f is a standardized measure of difference between the means of the groups. Together, these two measures provide complementary information about the size and importance of group differences in the study.

Question 20

Following an omnibus F-test,a researcher may learn about specific sources of systematic variation in a single-factor independent groups experiment by performing
A) comparisons of two means.
B) repeated measures t-tests.
C) correlation coefficients.
D) simple main effects.

Accepted Answer

Comparisons of two means, such as post-hoc tests or planned comparisons, are typically performed after an omnibus F-test in an ANOVA to identify specific pairs of groups between which there are significant differences. This helps in understanding the specific sources of systematic variation identified by the initial F-test.

Quiz 12: Data Analysis and Interpretation: Part Iitests of Statistical Significance and the Analysis Story

A researcher manipulated one independent variable in a complex design experiment using a random groups design and manipulated the second independent variable using a repeated measures design.The researcher's plan for data analysis should include

When our results are "statistically significant" we know

Confidence intervals drawn around group means in a complex design provide information regarding

A common measure of effect size for the effects in a complex design using ANOVA is

= 7.30,p = .01.On the basis of this information we may conclude that

Suppose the omnibus analysis of variance for a 2 * 2 complex design reveals only a statistically significant main effect of one independent variable.To understand the effect of this variable the researcher should

In order to conclude whether the results of an inferential test support the research hypothesis,a researcher must

If the omnibus analysis of variance for a complex design reveals a statistically significant interaction effect,the source of the interaction effect may be identified using

The ANOVA Summary Table for a two-factor,mixed design is divided into two parts; the between subjects section and the __________ section.

The value of the F-statistic in a single-factor experiment is determined by dividing the Between-Group Mean Square by the

When reporting the results of a complex design experiment,which of the following should not be included?

= 7.30,p = .01.On the basis of this information we may conclude that there were _______ independent groups in this experiment.

The initial overall analysis of an experiment based on the analysis of variance is called

The expected value of the F-statistic when the null hypothesis is true is ________.

In general,a repeated measures design is likely to be ________ than a random groups design.

The results of an omnibus F-test for a complex design experiment allow the researcher to

The primary way that analysis of variance for repeated measures differs from that for an independent groups design is in the estimation of

If the omnibus analyses of variance for a complex design reveals a statistically significant interaction effect,the source of the interaction effect may be identified using simple main effects analysis and,when there are more than two levels of an independent variable,also

Two measures of effect size for an independent groups design with more than two means are

Following an omnibus F-test,a researcher may learn about specific sources of systematic variation in a single-factor independent groups experiment by performing