Question 1

Erikson interprets development from the perspective of what theory?

Accepted Answer

Erikson developed a theory of psychosocial development, which emphasizes the importance of social and cultural factors in shaping an individual's growth and development throughout their lifespan. This theory contrasts with Freud's psychosexual theory, which emphasizes the role of biological drives and instincts in shaping human behavior.

Question 2

Canadian researchers using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Children and Youth,have demonstrated that

Accepted Answer

The Canadian researchers found strong associations between family membership and family functioning and aggressive behaviour, indicating that family dynamics play a significant role in the development of aggressive behaviour in children. Option A is partially correct as children did react aggressively to "Bobo" dolls after watching adults behave aggressively, but this was not the main finding of the study. Option C is not supported by the information given in the question, and option D is not mentioned at all.

Question 3

Children experiencing the Eriksonian conflict of trust vs.mistrust are also in what Piagetian stage?

Accepted Answer

Children experiencing the Eriksonian conflict of trust vs. mistrust are typically infants from birth to 18 months old who are in Piaget's sensorimotor stage. In this stage, infants develop object permanence and learn to coordinate their senses and motor skills to explore and interact with their environment.

Question 4

Relational aggression involves

Accepted Answer

Relational aggression involves using tactics such as rumor-spreading, exclusion, and manipulation to damage social relationships and social status. It does not involve physical abuse, being assertive, or intentionally harming others in a physical or emotional sense.

Question 5

Research has shown that students who watch others behaving aggressively

Accepted Answer

Research has found that children who observe aggressive behavior, either in person or in media, are more likely to imitate it. This means that they become more aggressive themselves.

Question 6

Erikson's notion of developmental crises can be defined as a

Accepted Answer

Erikson's notion of developmental crises refers to conflicts between two opposing forces, one positive and one negative or unhealthy. These crises occur at different stages of development and must be successfully resolved for healthy psychosocial development.

Question 7

The emphasis in Erikson's stage theory is on

Accepted Answer

Erikson's stage theory emphasizes the formation of a personal identity, as each stage focuses on a different aspect of identity development. Moral values and acculturation in school settings may be indirectly impacted by this emphasis on identity formation.

Question 8

Martin now takes considerable pride in completing his fourth-grade homework assignments and in doing them well.He is quite disappointed when the teacher assigns an "A" to him for a project that he strongly felt deserved an A+ (or better!).According to Erikson's theory of psychosocial development,Martin is in what stage of development?

Accepted Answer

Martin's behavior of taking pride in completing his homework and feeling disappointed when he does not receive the highest grade possible is indicative of the industry vs. inferiority stage of Erikson's theory of psychosocial development. In this stage, children develop a sense of competence and accomplishment through mastering new skills and tasks. They strive to do things better and take pride in their accomplishments, but also feel a sense of disappointment or inferiority when they perceive themselves as failing to meet their own or others' expectations.

Question 9

According to Urie Bronfenbrenner's Bioecological Model of Human Development

Accepted Answer

According to Bronfenbrenner's Bioecological Model of Human Development, the exosystem includes the settings that indirectly influence development, such as the parent's workplace or the government. Therefore, D is the best choice as it correctly identifies the influence of the parent's workplace on the development of the child. A is incorrect as the mesosystem refers to the interaction of different microsystems such as home and school. B is incorrect as the microsystem refers to the immediate environment in which the individual lives, such as family and peers. C is incorrect as both family and school environments play important roles in human development.

Question 10

Adults who were rejected as children tend to have

Accepted Answer

Studies have shown that adults who were rejected as children often struggle with interpersonal relationships and have more problems in adulthood than those who had close friends during childhood. Rejection can lead to difficulties in trust and forming attachments with others, which can affect an individual's social and emotional development.

Question 11

Sally is in the stage Erikson calls initiative vs.guilt.Her parents supervise her closely and direct all her activities.The danger is that Sally may

Accepted Answer

In the initiative vs. guilt stage, children are learning to take initiative in their actions and decision-making. If Sally's parents constantly supervise and direct her activities, she may struggle to trust her own judgment and decision-making abilities, leading to difficulty in the future. This could also impact her ability to take initiative and feel confident in her own abilities.

Question 12

Which of the following parenting styles is characterized by highly controlling behaviour but low in worth and responsiveness?

Accepted Answer

Authoritarian parenting style is characterized by high control, but the parents have low worth and responsiveness towards their children. They tend to set strict rules and punish their children severely if these rules are not followed. Children raised in this type of environment tend to have lower self-esteem and are often fearful and anxious.

Question 13

Which level of government is responsible for $\bold{\text{child protection}}$ laws?

Accepted Answer

Child protection laws are a provincial responsibility in Canada. Each province and territory has its own child protection legislation and child welfare services. While the federal government has some involvement in specific areas such as First Nations child welfare, the majority of responsibility lies with the provinces.

Question 14

Children who experience autonomy are likely to become more

Accepted Answer

Children who experience autonomy are given the opportunity to make decisions and take responsibility for their actions. This helps them develop a sense of independence and self-reliance. As a result, they are likely to become more self-reliant and less dependent on others. They are also likely to have a higher level of self-esteem and confidence, which can help them in their future endeavors. Research has shown that children who experience autonomy are less likely to be aggressive and more likely to be intelligent.

Question 15

Psychologists disagree about the commonly held belief that parents are the major influence on their children.What is the basis of this disagreement?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Psychologists disagree about the commonly held belief...

Question 16

Francis is no longer satisfied with pretending he has a place of his own.He's in the third grade now and old enough to build a real playhouse.He sets to work with boards and cardboard,and takes great pleasure in the completed project.Francis is at the stage of

Accepted Answer

Francis is demonstrating the development stage of industry vs. inferiority, as he is mastering new skills and taking pride in his accomplishments. This stage occurs during the elementary school years, which is the age and grade level that Francis is in. The other choices do not accurately reflect the developmental stage that Francis is in.

Question 17

What does a conflict such as initiative vs.guilt represent in Erikson's theory?

Accepted Answer

In Erikson's theory, each stage represents a developmental crisis or conflict that the individual must resolve to move onto the next stage of development. Initiative vs. guilt is the conflict of the third stage, occurring in early childhood. Children are exploring their environment and asserting their independence, but may develop feelings of guilt or anxiety if they believe their actions have caused harm or disapproval from others. Therefore, A) A developmental crisis is the best choice.

Question 18

As with most developmental crises,the resolution of the identity crisis

Accepted Answer

The resolution of the identity crisis may be an extended process, as individuals navigate through different stages of development and confront various challenges and experiences that shape their sense of self. It is not a brief time period or a process that requires little conscious effort. It may also involve resolution of previous conflicts as individuals try to integrate past experiences into their developing sense of identity.

Question 19

The school and the neighbourhood first become highly important influences during what Eriksonian stage?

Accepted Answer

The stage of industry vs. inferiority occurs during middle childhood (ages 6-11), when children are expected to learn new skills and knowledge through social interaction and schooling. The school and neighbourhood become important influences during this stage, as they are the primary settings where children interact with peers and adults outside of the family.

Question 20

The way that children resolve the autonomy vs.shame and doubt crisis influences their later sense of

Accepted Answer

The autonomy vs. shame and doubt crisis occurs during the toddler years and is characterized by the child striving to develop independence and control over their environment. If they are successful, they develop confidence in their own abilities, which will influence their later sense of self-esteem and willingness to take on new challenges. If they are not successful, they may feel ashamed or doubt their abilities, which can lead to a lack of self-confidence and difficulty with new tasks. This crisis does not directly relate to the other options.

Quiz 3: Self and Social and Moral Development