Question 1

The belief that others think, feel, and act the same way as you do refers to:
A)availability bias.
B)anchoring effect.
C)bandwagon effect.
D)projection bias.
E)halo effect.

Accepted Answer

This type of bias is called projection bias, where individuals project their own thoughts, emotions, and behaviors onto others, assuming that others think, feel, and act in the same way as they do.

Question 2

_____ results when decision makers select the first acceptable alternative considered.
A)Emergence
B)Neutralization
C)Optimization
D)Satisficing
E)Stereotyping

Accepted Answer

Satisficing is the process of selecting the first acceptable choice rather than searching for the optimal solution. This decision-making approach is often used when faced with time or resource constraints, or when the decision is deemed less critical.

Question 3

A(n) _____ occurs when assumptions are made about others on the basis of their membership in a social group.
A)availability bias
B)bandwagon effect
C)self-efficacy
D)projection bias
E)stereotype

Accepted Answer

The definition given matches that of a stereotype, which is a generalization made about a group of people based on their membership in that group. The other answer choices do not fit the given definition.

Question 4

The tendency of people to see their environment only as it affects them and as it is consistent with their expectations is called:
A)social identification.
B)selective perception.
C)availability bias.
D)environmental bias.
E)thin-slicing.

Accepted Answer

Selective perception is the tendency of people to see and interpret their environment based on their own motivations, interests, and expectations. This leads them to "select" only certain aspects of the environment to pay attention to, while ignoring others.

Question 5

The tendency for people to base their judgments on information that is easier to recall refers to the:
A)availability bias.
B)bandwagon effect.
C)self-fulfilling prophecy.
D)projection bias.
E)environmental bias.

Accepted Answer

The tendency for people to base their judgments on information that is easier to recall is known as the availability bias. This occurs when people rely on easily accessible examples or information when making decisions or judgments, rather than considering all relevant information.

Question 6

Bounded rationality advocates:
A)pick the alternative that minimizes value.
B)evaluate all alternatives simultaneously.
C)use accurate information to evaluate alternatives.
D)develop an exhaustive list of alternatives to consider as solutions.
E)choose the first acceptable alternativE.Bounded rationality is the notion that decision makers simply do not have the ability or resources to process all available information and alternatives to make an optimal decision.Bounded rationality says that we are likely to pick the first acceptable alternative.

Accepted Answer

Bounded rationality suggests that individuals are likely to choose the first acceptable alternative based on the limited information and resources they have available. Therefore, the best choice according to bounded rationality is option E, which suggests that decision makers should choose the first acceptable alternative.

Question 7

Conrad is the manager of a large retail store.He has the authority to appoint employees in the store.The store does not have a specialized human resource executive and Conrad himself conducts selection interviews.He has not received any training on selection and recruitment.This often leads to selection errors.Conrad interviews people mainly to analyze if they have ability to address the latest problem that the store is facing.Identify the bias facing Conrad in this case.
A)Anchoring
B)Representativeness
C)Framing
D)Contrast
E)Recency

Accepted Answer

Conrad is focusing on the most recent problem the store is facing, which indicates a recency bias. This bias occurs when recent events or issues are given more importance than older ones during decision-making processes.

Question 8

The tendency to rely too heavily on one trait or piece of information when making decision refers to which of these biases?
A)Availability bias
B)Confirmation bias
C)Anchoring
D)Gambler's fallacy
E)Halo effect

Accepted Answer

The answer of The tendency to rely too heavily on...

Question 9

At a World Issues Conference, all the participants were asked to develop responses to two case situations.People split themselves up into teams based on their occupations.Which of the following helps to explain why the participants acted this way?
A)Self-fulfilling prophecy
B)Bandwagon effect
C)Social identity theory
D)Projection bias
E)Collective perception

Accepted Answer

Social identity theory suggests that individuals identify themselves with certain social groups and derive a sense of identity and self-esteem from their group membership. As such, people may organize themselves into teams based on their occupation to strengthen their social identity and create a sense of belonging.

Question 10

Learning has _____ effect on performance and _____ effect on commitment.
A)a moderate negative; a moderate positive
B)a strong positive; a moderate negative
C)a weak negative; a strong positive
D)a moderate positive; a weak positive
E)a weak positive; a moderate negative

Accepted Answer

Learning generally enhances performance by improving skills and knowledge, leading to a moderate positive effect. It also tends to increase commitment, but the effect is typically weaker as it depends on various factors like personal motivation and organizational support.

Question 11

Albert manages a large retail store.He has the authority to appoint employees in the store.The store does not have a specialized human resource executive and Albert himself conducts selection interviews.Albert has not received any training on selection and recruitment.This often leads to selection errors.Albert selected an applicant only because he displayed personality traits similar to one of his best performers.Identify the bias facing Albert in this case.
A)Anchoring
B)Recency
C)Framing
D)Representativeness
E)False consensus

Accepted Answer

Albert is facing the bias of representativeness as he selected the applicant solely based on their personality traits which reminded him of his best performer without considering their actual qualifications or skills for the job. This bias occurs when a person forms judgments based on stereotypes or generalizations rather than objective information, leading to errors in decision-making.

Question 12

An employee comes late to the office.An internal attribution will occur if there is low ______, low _____, and high _____.
A)consensus; consistency; extinction
B)consensus; distinctiveness; consistency
C)consistency; distinctiveness; consensus
D)extinction; consistency; distinctiveness
E)consensus; consistency; distinctiveness

Accepted Answer

Consensus refers to the extent to which other employees arrive late to the office. If there is low consensus, it means that not many other employees are also coming late, leading to an internal attribution (blaming the employee's personal factors such as laziness, lack of dedication, etc.). 
Distinctiveness refers to the extent to which the employee comes late to other events or appointments. If there is high distinctiveness, it means that the employee is only late to the office and not other events, leading to an internal attribution. 
Consistency refers to the extent to which the employee consistently arrives late to the office. If there is high consistency, it means that the employee is regularly late, further confirming the internal attribution. Therefore, the best choice is B.

Question 13

_____ is the process of selecting, organizing, storing, and retrieving information about the environment.
A)Perception
B)Reinforcement
C)Heuristic
D)Stereotyping
E)Attribution

Accepted Answer

Perception refers to the process of selecting, organizing, storing, and retrieving information about the environment. It involves cognitive processes that enable individuals to interpret and make sense of the sensory information they receive from the world around them. The other options are not relevant to the process of perception.

Question 14

To be a rational decision maker, one should do all of these EXCEPT:
A)boiling the problem down to something that is easily understood.
B)evaluating all the alternatives simultaneously.
C)using accurate information to evaluate alternatives.
D)picking the alternative that maximizes value.
E)developing an exhaustive list of alternatives to consider as solutions.

Accepted Answer

The answer of To be a rational decision maker, one...

Question 15

_____ refers to the decision to continue to follow a failing course of action.
A)Availability bias
B)Confirmation bias
C)Escalation of commitment
D)Gambler's fallacy
E)Halo effect

Accepted Answer

Escalation of commitment refers to the phenomenon where individuals or organizations continue to invest resources (time, money, effort) into a failing course of action. This can be due to various reasons such as the desire to justify previous investments, fear of failure or criticism, or even a sense of identity or ownership over the project. Confirmation bias and availability bias also play a role in this phenomenon, as individuals may selectively seek out information that confirms their existing beliefs or downplay negative information that suggests they are on the wrong track. The gambler's fallacy and halo effect refer to different biases altogether and do not fit the definition of escalation of commitment.

Question 16

Albert is the manager of a large retail store.He has the authority to appoint employees in the store.The store does not have a specialized human resource executive and Albert himself conducts selection interviews.Albert has not received any training on selection and recruitment.This often leads to selection errors.Albert does not prepare in advance for interviews.He asks questions that come to his mind easily during interviews.This indicates _____.
A)availability bias
B)bandwagon effect
C)self-fulfilling prophecy
D)projection bias
E)social identification

Accepted Answer

The scenario indicates that Albert has not received any training on selection and recruitment, and he asks questions that easily come to his mind during interviews. This suggests that he may be influenced by availability bias, which is a cognitive bias that occurs when someone relies on readily available information rather than exploring other options or considering alternative perspectives. In this case, Albert may be relying on information that is easily accessible to him (i.e., questions that come to mind quickly) instead of taking a more comprehensive approach to selecting candidates.

Question 17

A worker comes late to the work site.An external attribution will occur if there is high ______, high ______, and low ______.
A)consensus; consistency; extinction
B)consensus; distinctiveness; consistency
C)consistency; distinctiveness; consensus
D)extinction; consistency; distinctiveness
E)consensus; consistency; distinction

Accepted Answer

According to the attribution theory, consensus, distinctiveness, and consistency are the three factors that determine the type of attribution made. Consensus refers to the extent to which other people behave similarly in a given situation, distinctiveness refers to the extent to which the behavior is unique to the situation, and consistency refers to the extent to which the behavior is consistent over time. In this scenario, a high level of consensus (i.e., other workers usually arrive on time), low distinctiveness (i.e., the worker is late to work consistently), and high consistency (i.e., the worker is consistently late to work) will result in an external attribution being made. The only answer choice that includes all three of these factors is B.

Question 18

Sally's daughter just started going to school.As a result, Sally has been coming to work early for the past few weeks.Her colleagues are under the impression that Sally is a Type A person.Sally's colleagues are subject to:
A)self-serving bias.
B)fundamental attribution error.
C)anchoring error.
D)illusion of control error.
E)halo effect.

Accepted Answer

Sally's colleagues are making a fundamental attribution error by assuming that her behavior (coming to work early) is due to her personality traits (being a Type A person), when in fact there is a situational explanation (her daughter starting school).

Question 19

Ken pushed very hard to go with the bubble project rather than the wave project.There have been several cost overruns, the project is two weeks beyond its finish date, and the technology just isn't working out as planned.Ken increases the funding for the third time and hires three new designers to help revamp the look of the product.Ken is engaging in ______.
A)escalation of commitment
B)goal directed behavior
C)selective perception
D)a fundamental attribution error
E)projection

Accepted Answer

Ken is exhibiting escalation of commitment by continuing to invest time, money, and resources into a failing project despite multiple setbacks and cost overruns. Increasing the funding and hiring more designers to try and improve the project demonstrates an unwillingness to cut losses and move on.

Question 20

_____ are simple, efficient, rules of thumb that allow us to make decisions more easily.
A)Heuristics
B)Perceptions
C)Self-fulfilling prophecies
D)Climates of transfer
E)Attributions

Accepted Answer

Heuristics are mental shortcuts or rules of thumb that simplify decision-making. They're useful in situations where we need to make quick decisions with limited information. The other options listed are not accurate definitions of heuristics.

Quiz 8: Learning and Decision Making

The belief that others think, feel, and act the same way as you do refers to:

_____ results when decision makers select the first acceptable alternative considered.

A(n) _____ occurs when assumptions are made about others on the basis of their membership in a social group.

The tendency of people to see their environment only as it affects them and as it is consistent with their expectations is called:

The tendency for people to base their judgments on information that is easier to recall refers to the:

Bounded rationality advocates:

The tendency to rely too heavily on one trait or piece of information when making decision refers to which of these biases?

At a World Issues Conference, all the participants were asked to develop responses to two case situations.People split themselves up into teams based on their occupations.Which of the following helps to explain why the participants acted this way?

Learning has _ effect on performance and _ effect on commitment.

An employee comes late to the office.An internal attribution will occur if there is low ____, low _, and high ___.

_____ is the process of selecting, organizing, storing, and retrieving information about the environment.

To be a rational decision maker, one should do all of these EXCEPT:

_____ refers to the decision to continue to follow a failing course of action.

A worker comes late to the work site.An external attribution will occur if there is high , high , and low __.

Sally's daughter just started going to school.As a result, Sally has been coming to work early for the past few weeks.Her colleagues are under the impression that Sally is a Type A person.Sally's colleagues are subject to:

_____ are simple, efficient, rules of thumb that allow us to make decisions more easily.