Question 1

The fact that different expressions of emotions tend to appear across cultures might lead one to believe that these expressions are evolutionarily based, and not affected by culture. At the same time, another explanation of this similarity is that because many people have been exposed to Western culture, they have taken on Western facial expressions of emotions. This alternative explanation for the apparent universality of emotional expression demonstrates which principle of critical thinking?

Accepted Answer

The alternative explanation proposed here is a rival hypothesis that can explain the same phenomenon as the first explanation (evolutionary basis) and therefore needs to be ruled out. This principle of critical thinking is known as ruling out rival hypotheses.

Question 2

The mere exposure effect suggests that repeated presentations of a stimulus lead to ________ liking of the stimulus.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The mere exposure effect suggests that repeated...

Question 3

The phenomenon whereby Imani prefers how she looks in the mirror to her image in a photograph can best be explained by ________.

Accepted Answer

The mere exposure effect suggests that people tend to develop a preference for things they are more frequently exposed to. Imani is more familiar with her mirror image, leading her to prefer it over her photograph.

Question 4

If our behaviours and physiological reactions can give rise to our emotional changes, holding a pen with our teeth would most likely make us feel

Accepted Answer

Holding a pen with our teeth increases the activation of muscles that are used in smiling, which can lead to the brain interpreting the situation as positive and therefore making us feel happier.

Question 5

Ekman's research proposed that there are ________ distinct emotions across cultures.

Accepted Answer

Ekman's research proposed that there are seven distinct emotions recognized across cultures: anger, fear, disgust, happiness, sadness, surprise, and contempt.

Question 6

Val has a crush on Ilene. What is one thing she might do to make herself more desirable?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Val has a crush on Ilene. What...

Question 7

Ekman conducted a number of studies of facial expressions and found that

Accepted Answer

Ekman's research suggested that there are seven primary emotions that are almost universal across cultures. These emotions are happiness, sadness, fear, anger, disgust, surprise, and contempt.

Question 8

People tend to overestimate how easily others can understand the intended meaning of their email messages. Misunderstood message meanings are often caused by the lack of ________ behaviour.

Accepted Answer

The answer of People tend to overestimate how easily others...

Question 9

The research by Ekman proposed that there are ________ distinct emotions across most cultures.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The research by Ekman proposed that there...

Question 10

Which of the following emotions might Sven, an exchange student from Europe, have the most difficulty recognising?

Accepted Answer

Jealousy is a more complex emotion that is not as universally recognized through facial expressions as basic emotions like happiness, anger, or contempt.

Question 11

Who are you most likely to marry?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Who are you most likely to marry?
...

Question 12

Studies on the mere exposure effect demonstrate that the more often we see something, the ________ likely we will like it.

Accepted Answer

The mere exposure effect suggests that repeated exposure to a stimulus increases our preference for it, making us more likely to like it.

Question 13

According to the ________, repeated exposure to a stimulus leads to increased liking of the stimulus.

Accepted Answer

The mere exposure effect refers to the phenomenon that repeated exposure to a stimulus increases our liking or preference for it. This effect has been demonstrated in various domains such as music, advertising, and interpersonal attraction.

Question 14

Our unconscious spillover of emotions into nonverbal behaviour is called ________.

Accepted Answer

Nonverbal leakage refers to the unintentional manifestation of our emotions or thoughts through nonverbal cues such as facial expressions, body movements, or tone of voice. It is often a result of the unconscious spillover of emotions, which can reveal true feelings that we may not express verbally.

Question 15

Many people believe that having a good crying episode is an effective way to vent negative emotions, such as anger or sadness, and that such spells are healthy. What does the research of Rottenberg, Bylsma, and Vingerhoets (2008)say about this belief?

Accepted Answer

The research found that crying tends to increase distress and arousal in most people, suggesting that it may not be an effective way to vent negative emotions.

Question 16

Types of gestures and movements that can display our emotions are called

Accepted Answer

Nonverbal leakage refers to unintentional facial expressions, gestures, and movements that betray our true emotions or thoughts, even when we're trying to conceal or control them. These nonverbal cues may include things like fidgeting, crossed arms, rolling eyes, or a forced smile. Overall, nonverbal leakage reveals the emotional state behind the "mask" we present to the world. Facial feedback (A) refers to the idea that our facial expressions can also influence our emotions, rather than just reflecting them. Mere exposure (C) refers to the phenomenon that people tend to prefer things that they are more familiar with or have been exposed to repeatedly. Primary emotions (D) are the basic, universal emotions that are present from birth and thought to be experienced in similar ways across cultures (e.g. happiness, anger, fear, sadness, surprise, disgust).

Question 17

Mrs Woodham wants her students to embrace the book The Giving Tree by Shel Silverstein. She believes the message is a powerful one. What might you encourage her to do?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Mrs Woodham wants her students to embrace...

Question 18

Susan is interviewing for a job. Although she is smiling and making good eye contact with her interviewer, he notices that she is also tapping her foot rapidly on the floor. Despite her best intentions, what is Susan exhibiting?

Accepted Answer

Susan is exhibiting nonverbal leakage, which refers to unintentional nonverbal behaviors that reveal true feelings or emotions that may contradict her verbal communication. In this case, her rapid foot tapping may suggest anxiety or nervousness, even though she is trying to appear calm and confident through her smile and eye contact.

Question 19

The idea that muscles in the face send information to the brain, affecting the emotion we feel, is known as the

Accepted Answer

The idea that muscles in the face send information to the brain, affecting the emotion we feel, is known as the facial feedback hypothesis.

Question 20

As suggested by the facial feedback hypothesis, our emotions are most likely to be affected by

Accepted Answer

The answer of As suggested by the facial feedback hypothesis,...

Quiz 11: Emotion and Motivation