Question 1

Mimi is recovering from serious back surgery and has been taking pain medication for the last several days. She has received multiple phone calls from friends and family. Later that week, off her medication, she can't seem to remember the names of anyone who called her. Which of the following provides the best explanation for her memory failure?

Accepted Answer

State-dependent learning suggests that memory retrieval is influenced by the physiological state in which the memory was formed. Mimi's inability to remember the names of individuals who called her may be due to the fact that she was in a different physiological state (off her medication) when she tried to recall the information.

Question 2

Lola has a comprehensive final for her organic chemistry class. For her to be able to retain the information from early in the semester, she should be advised to use ________ in her studying throughout the term.

Accepted Answer

Distributed practice involves spacing out studying sessions over a longer period of time rather than cramming it all in at once. This has been shown to improve retention and memory of information in the long-term. Delayed practice and massed practice also involve cramming, which is not as effective for long-term retention.

Question 3

The authors report that the research into the effectiveness of distributed practice has been clear and unequivocal-spreading out our learning over longer intervals is much more effective then cramming our learning into shorter periods of time. This research has been repeated with the same findings over and over again. This demonstrates which principle of critical thinking from your textbook?

Accepted Answer

The principle of replicability states that scientific research must be able to be repeated with the same findings over and over again. In this case, the research on distributed practice has been replicated multiple times with the same clear and unequivocal findings.

Question 4

When a teacher tells you to start studying weeks before the exam rather than waiting until the last minute, the teacher is really advising you to use

Accepted Answer

The teacher's advice to start studying weeks before the exam is an example of distributed practice, which involves spacing out learning sessions over a longer period of time. This has been shown to be more effective than cramming everything into one session at the last minute.

Question 5

Darryl decides to start reviewing for his exam by studying 20 minutes a day for 10 days rather than just studying three or four hours the night before his exam. He is making use of ________.

Accepted Answer

Darryl is utilizing the approach of distributed practice where he spreads his studying sessions over several days instead of massed practice, which involves cramming or studying intensely for a long period of time without breaks or spacing out the studying over a longer time period. Delayed practice would involve studying at a later time than planned.

Question 6

Your textbook suggests that the research into state-dependent learning has not consistently found the effect to be very powerful. Reasons for this lack of consistent findings include the idea that we learn information in multiple settings, not just one. These different findings provide a problem for the critical-thinking concept of ________.

Accepted Answer

The lack of consistent findings in state-dependent learning research relates to the critical-thinking concept of replicability, as the findings have not been consistently replicated and may not be reliable.

Question 7

For students to show the best performance in their exams, they are advised to engage in

Accepted Answer

Distributed practice, also known as spaced repetition, involves spreading out study sessions over a longer period of time instead of cramming all the information into one long session. This allows for better retention of the information and helps students avoid burnout from too much studying at once. Research has shown that distributed practice leads to better long-term learning and improved performance on exams. Delayed practice involves waiting to practice a skill until a later time, while massed practice involves cramming all the practice into one session, both of which are not as effective as distributed practice.

Question 8

James has decided that he is going to pull an "all-nighter" to study for his physics final examination tomorrow. In psychology terms, he is planning to engage in ________ practice.

Accepted Answer

The answer of James has decided that he is going...

Question 9

Pretend for a moment that you are the chairperson of the psychology department. Based on the information discussed on context-dependent learning, justify to your faculty why they should not reassign students to different seats on the day of an exam or should not give exams in different classrooms from where the material was learned.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Pretend for a moment that you are...

Question 10

In classes where comprehensive or cumulative exams are given, a student would be best advised to engage in ________ practice.

Accepted Answer

The answer of In classes where comprehensive or cumulative exams...

Question 11

If a researcher showed that people remember pleasant memories better when they are happy than sad, this would be one method for demonstrating the importance of

Accepted Answer

The researcher showing that people remember pleasant memories better when they are happy than sad is an example of mood-dependent learning. This demonstrates the importance of the mood state for successful retrieval of memory.

Question 12

Your best friend is an airline pilot. You often ask him about his flying experiences, but the stories he tells are rather bland. One day he invites you to accompany him on a flight. Surprisingly, once you are up in the air, he begins to share with you all kinds of interesting stories. What is the best explanation for this change?

Accepted Answer

Context-dependent learning suggests that the context in which information is learned can impact the retrieval of that information. In this case, the context of being up in the air on a flight may have triggered memories and experiences that were associated with the information the pilot shared, leading to more interesting stories.

Question 13

When listening to the radio, Ramona hears a song; she cannot immediately recall the band's name, but she is sure she knows the name. This is one example of ________.

Accepted Answer

The scenario given is a classic example of the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon, where a person is unable to recall information that they know, but they feel as if it is "on the tip of their tongue."

Question 14

State-dependent learning is superior for retrieval of information when the organism

Accepted Answer

State-dependent learning theory suggests that retrieval of information is best when the organism is in the same state or context as it was during encoding. This means that if an individual learns something in a specific environmental or physiological state, they are more likely to recall that information when they are in that same state or context. This is why being in a relaxed or stimulated state, for example, can affect how easily information is retrieved.

Question 15

Which of the following situations best illustrates the use of retrieval cues?

Accepted Answer

Bringing an eyewitness back to the scene of the crime provides retrieval cues that trigger memories associated with that specific location, aiding in recall of the event.

Question 16

Who is engaging in distributed practice?

Accepted Answer

Distributed practice is the method of spreading studying out over an extended period. Geoff, who has been studying an hour a night for three weeks is the only example of someone who engaged in distributed practice.

Question 17

What concept best explains why students often do worse on standardised tests like the UMAT (Undergraduate Medicine and Health Sciences Admission Test)that are often taken in school halls and university venues as opposed to their regular classroom?

Accepted Answer

Retrieval cues are environmental or contextual factors that aid in the recall of information. Students often perform better in familiar environments, like their regular classrooms, because these settings provide retrieval cues that help them access stored information more effectively.

Question 18

When one attempts to recreate a retrieval environment that is as similar as possible to the initial encoding, or learning, environment as possible, he or she is making use of the principle of

Accepted Answer

The principle of encoding specificity suggests that memory retrieval is most efficient when the retrieval cues match the original encoding cues as closely as possible. By recreating a retrieval environment that is similar to the initial learning environment, one is creating a match between the cues present at encoding and those present at retrieval, increasing the chances of successful retrieval.

Question 19

Dr James advises that if you study for your next psychology exam in the same room where you take the exam, your score will improve. He is basing this advice on

Accepted Answer

Dr James is referring to context-dependent learning, which is the phenomenon where information recall is improved when the context in which it was learned matches the context in which it is being recalled. This is why studying in the same room as the exam can improve scores. Thus, the correct answer is (C) context-dependent learning.

Question 20

Misty and her family just got back from a holiday at Disney World, where they had a great time. Under which of the following circumstances is Misty likely to struggle remembering what they did?

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that our memory recall can be affected by interference from other memories. Viewing a documentary about serial killers could create a negative or distracting mood that could interfere with Misty's ability to remember her happy experiences at Disney World.

Quiz 7: Memory