Question 1

Multiple researchers agree that dreams assist with ________.

Accepted Answer

Multiple researchers have suggested that dreams aid in consolidating memories, facilitate memory storage, and improve retention. During sleep, the brain processes, categorizes, and integrates newly learned information. Dreams, in turn, help in strengthening and clarifying the memories. Other options like creativity and overcoming illness may have some link with dreams, but the evidence is limited and not as strong as with memory consolidation.

Question 2

It is 3 am and Jack is in the kitchen standing at the refrigerator. His wife walks in and asks him what he thinks he's doing. Jack does not respond, but begins to take out items to make a sandwich. What might Jack be exhibiting?

Accepted Answer

Jack is exhibiting sleepwalking behavior as he is not responding to his wife's question and is taking out items from the refrigerator to make a sandwich at 3 am.

Question 3

One research finding that has challenged Freud's concept of dreams as wish fulfilment is the fact that approximately ________ percent of dreams do not seem disguised, but rather are straightforward descriptions of everyday events and problems.

Accepted Answer

Approximately 90 percent of dreams do not seem disguised, but rather are straightforward descriptions of everyday events and problems.

Question 4

Which theorist, attempting to explain what dreams are all about, suggested that there are two levels of content to each dream: the manifest content and the latent content?

Accepted Answer

Sigmund Freud is the theorist who proposed the distinction between manifest and latent content in dream analysis. According to Freud, the manifest content is the surface level of the dream, the events and images that are consciously experienced by the dreamer, while the latent content is the underlying, unconscious meaning of the dream, which contains symbolic representations of wishes, desires, and conflicts.

Question 5

Which of the following disorders is more common among children than among adults?

Accepted Answer

Night terrors are more common among children, especially those between the ages of 3 and 8. The other disorders listed (insomnia, narcolepsy, sleep apnea) are more common among adults.

Question 6

A client tells his therapist about a dream of riding on a train with his boss. At the end of the journey, the boss gets off the train at a terminal. The content of this dream, as related by the client to the therapist, is what Freud called its ________.

Accepted Answer

The manifest content of a dream refers to the literal content of the dream as reported by the dreamer. In this case, the client's description of riding on a train with his boss and the boss getting off at a terminal represents the manifest content of the dream.

Question 7

Evidence from a variety of sources suggests that dreams are involved in:

Accepted Answer

Many studies have shown that dreams play a role in processing emotional memories, particularly in the consolidation of negative emotional memories and the regulation of emotional reactions.

Answer: B 
 While wish fulfilment was a popular theory of dreaming put forth by Sigmund Freud, it is not well-supported by empirical evidence and is generally considered outdated in modern psychology.

Answer: C 
 While dreams may reflect cultural differences in emotion to some extent, this is not a primary function of dreaming and is not supported by a robust body of research.

Answer: D 
 While sexual content may appear in some dreams, it is not a primary function of dreaming and is not supported by a robust body of research.

Question 8

Compare and contrast Freud's wish-fulfilment theory of dreaming with Hobson and McCarley's activation-synthesis theory of dreaming.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Compare and contrast Freud's wish-fulfilment theory of...

Question 9

Sigmund Freud suggested that quite a bit of our dream content serves the purpose of wish fulfilment. Which of the following statements would be most consistent with the critical-thinking concept of falsifiability with regard to Freud's assertion?

Accepted Answer

Freud's assertion that dreams serve the purpose of wish fulfilment can be falsified if evidence shows that most dream content is focused on misfortune rather than positive events. This would suggest that dreams have a different purpose than wish fulfilment.

Question 10

In a strange condition called sex sleep, or ________, people engage in sexual acts while asleep and don't remember what occurred after they awaken.

Accepted Answer

Sex sleep, also known as sleep sex or sexsomnia, is a real condition in which a person engages in sexual activities while asleep and has no memory of it upon waking up. Options A, B, and C are not actual terms used to describe this condition.

Question 11

Design an intervention to help a person who is complaining of insomnia.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Design an intervention to help a person...

Question 12

Sigmund Freud suggested that dreams represent the fulfilment of wishes, yet research suggests that quite a few dreams that people experience do not have positive themes or content. Which principle of critical thinking is involved in this apparent contradiction?

Accepted Answer

The principle of falsifiability is involved in this contradiction. Freud's theory suggests that all dreams represent the fulfilment of wishes, but the existence of negative dreams contradicts this theory. Therefore, the principle of falsifiability suggests that Freud's theory is potentially false and needs to be revised or discarded.

Question 13

Young Marita has periods during her sleep when she will appear to wake up and will scream, kick and thrash. She appears to be in significant distress as she breathes faster and faster. Which of the following statements best explains what is happening?

Accepted Answer

Marita's symptoms are consistent with night terrors, which are a type of parasomnia characterized by intense fear and panic during sleep. During a night terror episode, the individual may appear to wake up, but they are not fully conscious and often do not remember the episode upon waking. Night terrors are common in children and tend to occur during the first few hours of sleep.

Question 14

Although he knows that it is wrong, Sean has a crush on his new stepmum. He dreams of the two of them running away together and living happily ever after. What aspect of dreaming does this represent?

Accepted Answer

Sean's dream represents wish fulfilment, as he is dreaming of a desirable outcome or desire being fulfilled (in this case, running away with his stepmum and living happily ever after).

Question 15

Interpretation of the ________ content of a dream is expected to reveal the ________ content.

Accepted Answer

The interpretation of the manifest content of a dream (what is actually remembered and reported) is expected to reveal the latent content (the hidden psychological meaning).

Question 16

The perspective that one's dreams contain more information than would be expected at first glance is most consistent with

Accepted Answer

Dream protection theory, often associated with Freud, suggests that dreams have deeper meanings and contain hidden information about our unconscious desires and thoughts.

Question 17

Discuss how the neurocognitive perspective on dreaming differs from the dream protection and activation-synthesis theories of dreaming.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Discuss how the neurocognitive perspective on dreaming...

Question 18

A newspaper advertisement describes a book that offers interpretations of dreams. In attempting to tell readers the meaning of the symbols of their dreams, the author intends to describe the ________.

Accepted Answer

The latent content of a dream refers to the hidden psychological meaning behind the dream, which is what the author is likely trying to describe by interpreting the symbols.

Question 19

A client tells his therapist about a dream in which he drives his wife to the airport where she boards a plane. As the plane takes off, he is smiling. The therapist says the dream suggests a desire for a divorce. The therapist's interpretation represents what Sigmund Freud called the dream's ________.

Accepted Answer

The therapist's interpretation represents the dream's latent content, which is the hidden or symbolic meaning behind the manifest content (the actual events of the dream). Freud believed that the latent content represented unconscious desires or conflicts.

Question 20

Geoff is reading the science section of the newspaper. He should be most sceptical of which of the following headlines?

Accepted Answer

The headline "Feeling bad? Angry? Dream your problems away" suggests a simplistic solution to complex emotional issues, which is often a sign of pseudoscience or exaggerated claims.

Quiz 5: Consciousness