Question 1

The concept of latent learning was developed by ___________.
A)Watson
B)Skinner
C)Tolman
D)Thorndike

Accepted Answer

Latent learning was developed by Edward Tolman through his experiments with rats in mazes. Watson, Skinner, and Thorndike focused more on the principles of behaviorism, conditioning, and reinforcement.

Question 2

In general,research on the use of corporal punishments,such as spanking,suggests that:
A)despite the common belief,corporal punishment is the preferred method of behavior modification.
B)corporal punishment is ineffective in stopping behaviors.
C)severe instances of corporal punishment should be avoided because of its negative side effects.
D)corporal punishment works best when it is administered randomly.

Accepted Answer

Research has consistently shown that corporal punishment can have a negative impact on the child's mental health and behavior. Therefore, severe instances of corporal punishment should be avoided. It is important to note that there is no evidence to support the effectiveness of corporal punishment in modifying behavior or promoting positive development.

Question 3

Extinction in operant conditioning involves _________________.
A)negative reinforcement
B)positive reinforcement
C)punishment
D)withholding reinforcement

Accepted Answer

Extinction in operant conditioning involves withholding reinforcement that was previously given for a behavior, resulting in a decrease in the frequency or likelihood of that behavior occurring in the future. Negative reinforcement involves the removal of an aversive stimulus, which increases the likelihood of a behavior being repeated. Positive reinforcement involves the presentation of a rewarding stimulus, which also increases the likelihood of a behavior being repeated. Punishment involves the presentation of an aversive stimulus following a behavior, which decreases the likelihood of that behavior being repeated.

Question 4

Kwan checks her email for new messages several times during the day.She realizes that because emails are sent on a ________________ schedule,checking her email more frequently will not increase the number of new emails she receives in a day.Furthermore,she knows that she cannot predict when people will email her,but if an email has been sent to her,she will receive it the next time she checks.
A)fixed-ratio
B)fixed-interval
C)variable-ratio
D)variable-interval

Accepted Answer

The answer of Kwan checks her email for new messages...

Question 5

When the number of responses is important to a schedule of reinforcement,that schedule is called a _____________ schedule.
A)ratio
B)interval
C)conditioned
D)time-delayed

Accepted Answer

A ratio schedule is based on the number of responses made by the subject, where a specific number of responses is required to receive reinforcement. The reinforcement is contingent on the number of responses, not time. In contrast, an interval schedule depends on the time elapsed since the last reinforcement was delivered. Conditioned and time-delayed schedules are not related to the number of responses made by the subject.

Question 6

B.F.Skinner rigged the cages of pigeons so that food was delivered every 15 seconds.Within a short time most of the pigeons were practicing some sort of consistent behavior,even though the behavior did not have any effect on the delivery of the reinforcer.The birds were:
A)demonstrating spontaneous recovery.
B)developing phobias.
C)demonstrating the partial reinforcement effect.
D)behaving superstitiously.

Accepted Answer

The behavior of the pigeons, even though it didn't have any effect on the delivery of food, suggests that they were behaving superstitiously. This is because the pigeons associated their random behaviors with the delivery of food, even though there was no actual causal relationship between the two.

Question 7

An animal trainer is trying to teach a lion to perform tricks for the circus.First the lion is given food if he sits quietly on a chair.Next the lion is given food if he raises one paw.Finally the lion is given food if he gives the trainer a "high-five." In this example,the lion is being trained by ________________.
A)negative reinforcement
B)generalization
C)punishment
D)shaping

Accepted Answer

The process described in the scenario is called shaping, which involves gradually teaching an animal a specific behavior through a series of rewards for incremental progress towards the desired behavior.

Question 8

Which of the following statements is true regarding corporal punishment?
A)Spanking is generally a very effective punisher when it is used for immediately stopping a behavior.
B)There is no evidence that spanking can lead to poor mental health.
C)Corporal punishment teaches appropriate behaviors.
D)Corporal punishment is best if administered several hours after the target behavior has occurred.

Accepted Answer

Spanking can be effective in immediately stopping a behavior because it serves as a strong deterrent, though it may not be the most appropriate or effective long-term strategy for behavior management.

Question 9

A rat learns that pressing the lever in the operant chamber will only deliver food if a red light above the lever is on.In this scenario,the red light is acting as a _________________.
A)discriminative stimulus
B)reinforcer
C)conditioned stimulus (CS)
D)punisher

Accepted Answer

The red light is acting as a discriminative stimulus because it signals to the rat that pressing the lever will result in food only if the light is on. A discriminative stimulus sets the occasion for a particular response to be reinforced or punished.

Question 10

The broken vending machine in Cathy's office dispenses sodas inconsistently.Sometimes Cathy gets a soda after putting in two quarters,but sometimes she only gets a soda after putting in five or six quarters.In operant conditioning terms,Cathy is being reinforced on a ________________ schedule.
A)fixed-ratio
B)fixed-interval
C)variable-ratio
D)variable-interval

Accepted Answer

In a variable-ratio schedule, reinforcement is unpredictable and occurs after a varying number of responses. This type of schedule creates high rates of responding because the individual doesn't know when the next reinforcement will come. In this scenario, Cathy is being reinforced on a variable-ratio schedule because she doesn't know how many quarters it will take to get a soda, and the reinforcement (soda) occurs after a varying number of responses (putting in different amounts of quarters).

Question 11

Which of the following is true concerning partial schedules of reinforcement?
A)Interval schedules tend to yield higher rates of responding as compared to ratio schedules.
B)Ratio schedules tend to yield higher rates of responding as compared to interval schedules.
C)Fixed schedules tend to yield higher rates of responding as compared to variable schedules.
D)All combinations of intermittent schedules tend to yield similar rates of responding.

Accepted Answer

Ratio schedules tend to yield higher rates of responding as compared to interval schedules. This is because in a ratio schedule, the reinforcement is based on the number of responses made, whereas in an interval schedule, the reinforcement is based on the passage of time. Therefore, animals may engage in a higher rate of responding in a ratio schedule in order to obtain the reinforcement more quickly.

Question 12

A fixed-ratio schedule of reinforcement involves giving reinforcement:
A)on the first response after a varied amount of time has elapsed.
B)on the first response after a specific amount of time has elapsed.
C)after a specific number of responses have been completed.
D)after a varied number of responses have been completed.

Accepted Answer

A fixed-ratio schedule of reinforcement involves giving reinforcement after a specific number of responses have been completed. This means that a reward is given after a predetermined number of correct responses or behaviors have been exhibited.

Question 13

A pigeon learns to peck only at a red disk.It will not peck at an identical disk of any other color.This illustrates the concept of ______________.
A)extinction
B)discrimination
C)avoidance training
D)desensitization

Accepted Answer

Discrimination is the ability to differentiate between two or more stimuli and respond differently to each of them. In this scenario, the pigeon has learned to discriminate between the red disk and the identical disk of a different color.

Question 14

Learned behavior is less prone to extinction if it is conditioned by ____________ reinforcement.
A)partial
B)negative
C)delayed
D)continuous

Accepted Answer

Partial reinforcement involves reinforcing a behavior only sometimes or intermittently, which makes the behavior more resistant to extinction than if it had been continuously reinforced. This is because the subject learns that the behavior might be rewarded at any time, so they keep performing it in hopes of receiving the reinforcement. Negative reinforcement involves removing an unpleasant stimulus to reinforce behavior, while delayed reinforcement involves a delay between the behavior and the reinforcement. Continuous reinforcement involves reinforcing a behavior every time, which can actually make the behavior more prone to extinction when the reinforcement is removed.

Question 15

______________ is an operant-conditioning procedure in which successive approximations of a desired response are reinforced.
A)Shaping
B)Spontaneous recovery
C)Stimulus generalization
D)Stimulus discrimination

Accepted Answer

Shaping is the correct operant-conditioning procedure in which successive approximations of a desired response are reinforced. Spontaneous recovery is a phenomenon in which the previously extinguished response reappears briefly after a rest period. Stimulus generalization is when a response is elicited by similar stimuli to the original stimulus that was conditioned. Stimulus discrimination is when the response is only elicited by the original stimulus that was conditioned and not by similar stimuli.

Question 16

A child receives one homework pass-a coupon that allows her to skip a homework assignment-for every 10 word problems she completes during class.This is an example of both ___________ reinforcement and a ___________ schedule of reinforcement.
A)negative; fixed ratio
B)positive; variable ratio
C)negative; variable ratio
D)positive; fixed interval

Accepted Answer

The answer of A child receives one homework pass-a coupon...

Question 17

Learning that is not directly observable is called _____________.
A)insight
B)innate learning
C)vicarious learning
D)latent learning

Accepted Answer

Latent learning refers to learning that is not immediately expressed in behavior, but rather remains hidden until it is needed. This type of learning is often discovered when a situation arises that requires the knowledge or skill that was previously learned but not directly observed.

Question 18

Julie is expected to cut the lawn weekly.Her parents only give her money once in a while after she cuts the lawn.Julie is being reinforced using a _____________ schedule of reinforcement.
A)continuous
B)partial
C)classical
D)secondary

Accepted Answer

Julie is not being reinforced every single time she cuts the lawn, but rather only once in a while. This fits the definition of a partial (or intermittent) schedule of reinforcement.

Question 19

What kind of reinforcement is used if Sally's parents give her $10 every time she accumulates six As on her report card?
A)gradual reinforcement
B)sporadic reinforcement
C)continuous reinforcement
D)partial reinforcement

Accepted Answer

This is an example of partial reinforcement, specifically fixed ratio reinforcement, because Sally is only rewarded every six As on her report card.

Question 20

Which of the following statements is true about operant conditioning?
A)Neither partial nor continuous reinforcement leads to behaviors that will persist for long periods of time.
B)Continuous reinforcement leads to behaviors that will persist longer than behavior learned through partial reinforcement.
C)Partial reinforcement leads to behaviors that will persist longer than behavior learned through continuous reinforcement.
D)Continuous reinforcement and partial reinforcement lead to behaviors that persist for equally long periods of time.

Accepted Answer

Partial reinforcement leads to behaviors that will persist longer than behavior learned through continuous reinforcement. This is because when behaviors are only reinforced intermittently, the individual is more likely to continue performing the behavior in hopes of receiving reinforcement. On the other hand, continuous reinforcement may lead to the individual becoming satiated and losing interest in the behavior once reinforcement is no longer available.

Quiz 6: Learning

The concept of latent learning was developed by ___________.

In general,research on the use of corporal punishments,such as spanking,suggests that:

Extinction in operant conditioning involves _________________.

When the number of responses is important to a schedule of reinforcement,that schedule is called a _____________ schedule.

B.F.Skinner rigged the cages of pigeons so that food was delivered every 15 seconds.Within a short time most of the pigeons were practicing some sort of consistent behavior,even though the behavior did not have any effect on the delivery of the reinforcer.The birds were:

Which of the following statements is true regarding corporal punishment?

A rat learns that pressing the lever in the operant chamber will only deliver food if a red light above the lever is on.In this scenario,the red light is acting as a _________________.

The broken vending machine in Cathy's office dispenses sodas inconsistently.Sometimes Cathy gets a soda after putting in two quarters,but sometimes she only gets a soda after putting in five or six quarters.In operant conditioning terms,Cathy is being reinforced on a ________________ schedule.

Which of the following is true concerning partial schedules of reinforcement?

A fixed-ratio schedule of reinforcement involves giving reinforcement:

A pigeon learns to peck only at a red disk.It will not peck at an identical disk of any other color.This illustrates the concept of ______________.

Learned behavior is less prone to extinction if it is conditioned by ____________ reinforcement.

______________ is an operant-conditioning procedure in which successive approximations of a desired response are reinforced.

A child receives one homework pass-a coupon that allows her to skip a homework assignment-for every 10 word problems she completes during class.This is an example of both _ reinforcement and a _ schedule of reinforcement.

Learning that is not directly observable is called _____________.

Julie is expected to cut the lawn weekly.Her parents only give her money once in a while after she cuts the lawn.Julie is being reinforced using a _____________ schedule of reinforcement.

What kind of reinforcement is used if Sally's parents give her $10 every time she accumulates six As on her report card?

Which of the following statements is true about operant conditioning?