Question 1

Following a car accident,Jane and Joan both suffer head injuries with resulting amnesi a.Joan cannot remember events that occurred before the accident,while Jane cannot remember events that occurred after the accident.Joan suffers from __________ amnesia and Jane from __________ amnesia
A)anterograde; retrograde
B)retrograde; anterograde
C)proactive; retroactive
D)retroactive; proactive

Accepted Answer

Anterograde amnesia refers to the inability to form new memories after the injury, while retrograde amnesia refers to the inability to remember events that occurred before the injury. Therefore, Joan's amnesia is retrograde, and Jane's amnesia is anterograde.

Question 2

__________ is the first process of transferring sensory and perceptual information into a memory trace.
A)Acquisition
B)Memorization
C)Elaboration
D)Encoding

Accepted Answer

Encoding is the process of taking sensory and perceptual information and converting it into a form that can be stored in memory. It is the first stage in the memory process. Acquisition refers to the process of obtaining new information, memorization refers to the process of committing information to memory, and elaboration refers to the process of adding meaning and connections to information to aid in memory retention.

Question 3

Damage to the hippocampus would most likely result in which disorder?
A)anterograde amnesia
B)retroactive interference
C)retrograde amnesia
D)proactive interference

Accepted Answer

The hippocampus is responsible for forming new memories, so damage to this area would result in difficulty creating new memories or retaining new information after the injury. This is known as anterograde amnesia. Retrograde amnesia is difficulty recalling past memories, and this is usually due to damage to other areas of the brain. Retroactive and proactive interference refer to memory interference, which is a different concept from amnesia.

Question 4

After studying the memory difficulties of H.M.and patients like him,it became apparent that
A)Nondeclarative memories cannot be retained but declarative memories can be recalled normally.
B)Incoming sensory information bypasses the sensory memory causing severe memory deficits.
C)The ability to transfer declarative information from STM into LTM is intact.
D)The ability to bring information from long-term memory into working memory is intact.

Accepted Answer

The answer of After studying the memory difficulties of H.M.and...

Question 5

The order of the basic memory processes in which information enters the memory system and is later used is
A)encoding,retrieval,and storage.
B)encoding,storage,and retrieval.
C)acquisition,elaboration,and storage.
D)acquisition,encoding,and retrieval.

Accepted Answer

Encoding is the process of transforming incoming information into a form that can be stored in memory. Storage is the process of maintaining information in memory over time. Retrieval is the process of accessing information from memory when it is needed. Therefore, the correct order of the basic memory processes is encoding, storage, and retrieval.

Question 6

Penny recalled the vocabulary definitions they learned in Introductory Spanish immediately after class,but when she was given a pop quiz a couple of days later,she couldn't remember many of the words.Which of the following is the most likely biological explanation for this?
A)Hippocampal damage impaired her nondeclarative memory.
B)LTP occurred.
C)Her brain failed to consolidate the information.
D)She developed a brain lesion between after the first class,which caused anterograde amnesia.

Accepted Answer

Failure to recall newly learned information a couple of days later suggests that the brain failed to consolidate the information into long-term memory.

Question 7

The character of Dori from the movie Finding Nemo keeps complaining that she has short-term memory loss because she can't remember the name of the friend she met a few minutes earlier.What is a more likely explanation for her memory failure?
A)anterograde amnesia
B)retrograde amnesia
C)amygdala damage
D)blocking

Accepted Answer

Dori's inability to remember the name of her friend moments after meeting them is indicative of anterograde amnesia. This cognitive impairment affects the formation and retention of new memories.

Question 8

Who is most likely suffering from retrograde amnesia?
A)Billy,who can't seem to learn a foreign language.
B)Margie,who can't remember much of anything prior to being attacked on the street after a late-night party.
C)Cecil,who cannot remember long telephone numbers without writing them down right away.
D)Mariana,who struggles to remember the names of the people she just met.

Accepted Answer

Retrograde amnesia is the loss of memories that were formed before the onset of amnesia. Margie's inability to remember events prior to being attacked suggests that she is suffering from retrograde amnesia. None of the other options suggest this type of memory loss.

Question 9

Which of the following is true about the hippocampus?
A)Long-term memories are permanently stored in the hippocampus.
B)The hippocampus is only involved in the creation of nondeclarative memories.
C)Memories appear to require the hippocampus until they can be consolidated in the cortex.
D)Damage to the hippocampus is most likely to affect long-term memories after they have undergone consolidation.

Accepted Answer

Studies suggest that the hippocampus is involved in the encoding and consolidation of new memories, but memories appear to require the hippocampus until they can be consolidated in the cortex. This is why damage to the hippocampus can impair the formation of new memories.

Answer: D
 Damage to the hippocampus can impair the formation of new memories, but once memories are consolidated and stored in the cortex, they are no longer dependent on the hippocampus. Therefore, damage to the hippocampus is most likely to affect long-term memories before they have undergone consolidation.

Question 10

Dr.James advises that if you study for your next psychology exam in the same room where you take the exam,your score will improve.He is basing this advice on
A)state-dependent learning
B)the serial-position effect.
C)context-dependent learning.
D)familiarity schemas.

Accepted Answer

Dr. James is referring to context-dependent learning, which suggests that a person's recall of information is better when they are in the same context, or environment, in which they learned the information. By studying in the same room where you will take the exam, you are providing yourself with the same context for both learning and recall, leading to potentially improved performance on the exam.

Question 11

______________is the process of converting short-term memories into long-term memories in the brain.
A)Retrieval
B)Consolidation
C)Lesioning
D)Chunking

Accepted Answer

Consolidation is the process of converting short-term memories into long-term memories in the brain. Retrieval is the process of retrieving stored memories from long-term memory. Lesioning refers to purposely damaging or removing a part of the brain for experimental or therapeutic purposes. Chunking is a memory technique that involves breaking down information into smaller, more manageable chunks.

Question 12

Which of the following correctly describes the basic levels of processing (LOP)effect?
A)The longer someone is exposed to information,the more they will encode.
B)Long-term memories are processed at a deeper level than short-term memories.
C)Thinking deeply about information leads to better encoding than shallow thinking.
D)Memories are easier to recall in the same context they were originally processed and encoded.

Accepted Answer

The Levels of Processing (LOP) effect states that thinking deeply about information leads to better encoding than shallow thinking, which means that Option C accurately reflects the basic levels of processing effect. Options A and B are incorrect because the length of exposure or the type of memory does not determine the depth of processing or the quality of encoding. Option D describes the context-dependent memory effect, which is different from the LOP effect.

Question 13

On the first day of class,Sheila asked her professor the best way to learn and remember the material for the course.The professor responded,"Focus on identifying and understanding the meaning of the important terms and concepts." The instructor is advocating a ___________ level of processing.
A)shallow
B)maintenance
C)deep
D)visual

Accepted Answer

The instructor is suggesting that students engage in deep processing by focusing on the meaning of important terms and concepts. This requires more effort than shallow processing, which involves simply memorizing surface-level details, and is likely to lead to better understanding and retention of the material. Maintenance processing involves rehearsing information without really processing its meaning, and visual processing involves encoding information based on its visual characteristics, which may not be as effective as focusing on meaning for all types of material. Therefore, the best choice is C, deep processing.

Question 14

Who is most likely to obtain the top score on his or her vocabulary test?
A)James,who made flash cards of all his words and is going over and over them.
B)Cynthia,who has written down each word and definition five times in her notebook.
C)Ryan,who has drawn a picture to illustrate each word.
D)Harriet,who says the words and definitions over and over to herself all day long.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Who is most likely to obtain the...

Question 15

Even after long-term memories have been consolidated,they may still be updated or changed through a process known as
A)synching.
B)long-term potentiation.
C)cellular rewriting.
D)reconsolidation.

Accepted Answer

Long-term memories that have been consolidated can still undergo changes or updates through a process called reconsolidation. This process involves the retrieval of the memory, which makes it vulnerable to modification before it is reconsolidated and stored again. During reconsolidation, the memory can be altered by new information or experiences.

Question 16

If a researcher showed that people remember pleasant memories better when they are happy than sad,this would be one method for demonstrating the importance of
A)context-dependent learning.
B)priming.
C)mood-dependent learning.
D)trait-dependent learning.

Accepted Answer

This scenario is an example of "mood-dependent learning," which is the notion that memory retrieval is better when a person's mood matches the emotional state they were in during encoding. In this case, being happy during recall would lead to better retrieval of pleasant memories. It is not an example of context-dependent learning, as the physical environment is not being manipulated, nor is it an example of priming or trait-dependent learning.

Question 17

To aid students in their retention of information,which subsequently enables them to earn higher exam scores,memory researchers would highlight the use of
A)eidetic memory.
B)elaborative rehearsal.
C)maintenance rehearsal.
D)rote memorization.

Accepted Answer

Elaborative rehearsal involves linking information to existing knowledge and concepts, making it more meaningful and easier to remember. This is considered more effective than maintenance rehearsal, which involves repeating information without necessarily making connections to pre-existing knowledge. Eidetic memory (also known as photographic memory) is rare and not reliably replicable, while rote memorization may lead to memorizing information without truly understanding it. Therefore, elaborative rehearsal is the best choice for aiding students in retaining information and earning higher exam scores.

Question 18

_______________ may represent the first stages of memory.
A)COD
B)LTP
C)ERE
D)SMM

Accepted Answer

LTP, or long-term potentiation, is a process by which the strength of connections between neurons increases, often in response to repeated stimulation. This process is believed to be a key mechanism underlying memory formation and may represent the first stages of memory. The other answer choices, COD, ERE, and SMM, do not have a direct relationship to memory processes.

Question 19

The famous research subject H.M.developed a form of amnesia following surgery to treat his epilepsy.Following the surgery,H.M.
A)could not recall any memories from before the surgery.
B)could form no new long-term memories of any kind.
C)could form nondeclarative,but generally not declarative long-term memories.
D)could form episodic,but generally not procedural long-term memories.

Accepted Answer

H.M. could form nondeclarative (implicit) memories, such as skills and habits, but had severe difficulties forming new declarative (explicit) memories, such as facts and events, after his surgery.

Question 20

The area of the brain critically involved in the formation of long-term declarative memories is
A)the amygdala.
B)the hippocampus.
C)Wernicke's area.
D)the thalamus.

Accepted Answer

The hippocampus is known for its crucial role in the formation of long-term declarative memories, which include memories of facts or events that can be consciously recalled. The amygdala is involved in emotion and fear processing, Wernicke's area is involved in language comprehension, and the thalamus is involved in relaying sensory information.

Quiz 7: Memory

Following a car accident,Jane and Joan both suffer head injuries with resulting amnesi a.Joan cannot remember events that occurred before the accident,while Jane cannot remember events that occurred after the accident.Joan suffers from amnesia and Jane from amnesia

__________ is the first process of transferring sensory and perceptual information into a memory trace.

Damage to the hippocampus would most likely result in which disorder?

After studying the memory difficulties of H.M.and patients like him,it became apparent that

The order of the basic memory processes in which information enters the memory system and is later used is

Penny recalled the vocabulary definitions they learned in Introductory Spanish immediately after class,but when she was given a pop quiz a couple of days later,she couldn't remember many of the words.Which of the following is the most likely biological explanation for this?

The character of Dori from the movie Finding Nemo keeps complaining that she has short-term memory loss because she can't remember the name of the friend she met a few minutes earlier.What is a more likely explanation for her memory failure?

Who is most likely suffering from retrograde amnesia?

Which of the following is true about the hippocampus?

Dr.James advises that if you study for your next psychology exam in the same room where you take the exam,your score will improve.He is basing this advice on

______________is the process of converting short-term memories into long-term memories in the brain.

Which of the following correctly describes the basic levels of processing (LOP) effect?

On the first day of class,Sheila asked her professor the best way to learn and remember the material for the course.The professor responded,"Focus on identifying and understanding the meaning of the important terms and concepts." The instructor is advocating a ___________ level of processing.

Who is most likely to obtain the top score on his or her vocabulary test?

Even after long-term memories have been consolidated,they may still be updated or changed through a process known as

If a researcher showed that people remember pleasant memories better when they are happy than sad,this would be one method for demonstrating the importance of

To aid students in their retention of information,which subsequently enables them to earn higher exam scores,memory researchers would highlight the use of

_______________ may represent the first stages of memory.

The famous research subject H.M.developed a form of amnesia following surgery to treat his epilepsy.Following the surgery,H.M.

The area of the brain critically involved in the formation of long-term declarative memories is