Question 1

The subjects in the experimental group receive the experimental drug,while the subjects in the control group receive a placebo.Although the experimenter knows which subjects are in the experimental group and which are in the control group,the subjects themselves do not know who is in which group or who received the real drug and who the placebo.This experimenter is using

Accepted Answer

This is a single-blind study because the subjects do not know whether they are receiving the experimental treatment or a placebo, which controls for participant bias. However, the experimenter does know who is in each group, so it is not double-blind.

Question 2

A single-blind experiment would most likely be used to minimize the

Accepted Answer

A single-blind experiment is used to minimize participant bias, as participants are unaware of whether they are in the experimental or control group. This increases the study's internal validity by reducing the likelihood that participants' expectations or beliefs about the study's purpose or hypotheses will influence their behavior or responses. Researcher bias (A) can be minimized by using double-blind experiments, where both the researcher and the participants are unaware of group assignments. Correlation versus causation problems (B) can be addressed through randomization, manipulation of independent variables, and control of extraneous variables. Obtaining a representative sample (C) is a separate issue from minimizing bias within the sample, and can also be addressed through various sampling techniques.

Question 3

You want to test people's reactions to a new artificial sweetener,so you give them coffee with two different kinds of sweetener.Although you know which sweetener is which,you don't let them know which sweetener they're getting.This type of experiment is called a ______ experiment.

Accepted Answer

The answer of You want to test people's reactions to...

Question 4

A teacher believes that one group of children is very bright and that a second group is below average in ability,although both groups are actually equal in ability.Nevertheless,the first group progresses more rapidly than the second.This demonstrates

Accepted Answer

This scenario demonstrates the self-fulfilling prophecy, where the teacher's belief influences their behavior towards the two groups, leading to differential treatment and ultimately affecting their performance. This creates a cycle where the teacher's expectations are reinforced by the children's performance, leading to further differential treatment and performance differences between the two groups.

Question 5

The phenomenon in which a prediction prompts people to act in ways that make the prediction come true is known as the

Accepted Answer

The described phenomenon is known as the self-fulfilling prophecy, in which a prediction or expectation leads to behaviors or actions that ultimately make the prediction come true. The other choices are not relevant to the phenomenon described.

Question 6

In a drug study if your participants are blind as to the hypothesis under investigation and whether they received the real drug or the placebo,then the participants

Accepted Answer

When participants are blind to the hypothesis under investigation and whether they received the real drug or the placebo, it helps to ensure that their expectations do not influence the outcome of the study. This is because they do not know if they are receiving the treatment or the placebo, thus minimizing expectation bias.

Question 7

Many teachers underestimate the abilities of ethnic minority children in their classes,which may hurt the students' chances for success due to the occurrence of a(n)

Accepted Answer

The self-fulfilling prophecy is when someone's belief about a situation leads to behaviors that make the belief come true. If a teacher underestimates the abilities of ethnic minority children in their class and treats them as if they are less capable, the students may start to believe this about themselves and perform poorly, fulfilling the teacher's expectation. This can hurt their chances for success.

Question 8

In a study of the effects of an antidepressant drug on depressive symptoms,the experimental group is given the antidepressant drug,while the control group is given a

Accepted Answer

The control group should receive a placebo in order to control for the placebo effect and other extraneous variables. This allows researchers to determine if any changes in depressive symptoms are due to the actual medication or just due to participant expectations or other factors.

Question 9

A study at the U.S.Air Force Academcy Preparatory School demonstrated that students' performances can be affected by teachers' expectations.These results are best explained by the fact that

Accepted Answer

The study demonstrated that students' performances can be affected by teachers' expectations because the teachers subtly communicated their expectations to the students, which created a self-fulfilling prophecy. This means that the students responded to the teacher's expectations and changed their behavior and performance accordingly, potentially impacting their actual abilities.

Question 10

An example of "researcher bias" would be a situation in which the experimenter

Accepted Answer

Researcher bias occurs when the experimenter inadvertently influences the participants to behave in a way that aligns with the expected outcome of the study. This can happen through nonverbal cues or subtle hints about what responses are desired, as described in option C.

Question 11

In a research study,when the subjects do not know who is in the experimental group and who is in the control group,but the experimenters do know,the study is called a(n) ______ experiment.

Accepted Answer

A single-blind experiment means that the subjects do not know which group they are in (experimental or control), but the experimenters do know. This is the only option given that fits this description. A double-blind experiment would involve both the subjects and the experimenters not knowing which group the subjects are in. Independent and dependent refer to variables in a study and are not relevant to whether the study is single-blind or not.

Question 12

Dr.Darius subtly and unknowingly communicated her expectations to her subjects,which resulted in her subjects behaving in ways that made her expectations come true,a phenomenon known as the

Accepted Answer

The phenomenon described is the self-fulfilling prophecy, where an individual's expectations for a situation can influence their behavior, and ultimately, the outcome of the situation.

Question 13

A person suffering from anxiety predicts that he will make a fool of himself at a social gathering and,in fact,he does.A psychologist predicts that students in his morning class will outperform those in his afternoon class and,in fact,they do.What do the anxious person and the psychologist have in common? They both

Accepted Answer

Both the anxious person and the psychologist had a preconceived expectation or prediction, and their behavior or actions may have unconsciously influenced the outcome, producing a self-fulfilling prophecy.

Question 14

Changes in subjects' behavior caused by the unintended influence of an experimenter's actions is referred to as

Accepted Answer

The answer of Changes in subjects' behavior caused by the...

Question 15

In an experiment to test the effects of a new flu drug,two groups are used.One group is given the drug,the other group is given a placebo.The group that receives the placebo is called the ______ group.

Accepted Answer

The group that receives the placebo is known as the control group. This group provides a baseline comparison for the group that receives the experimental drug. By comparing the outcomes of both groups, researchers can determine the effectiveness of the new flu drug.

Question 16

Sometimes in a drug study,the experimental group given the actual drug and the control group given the inactive substance both initially show improvement.This is due to

Accepted Answer

This is due to the placebo effect, where the act of receiving some kind of treatment, even if it is a placebo, can lead to an improvement in symptoms or conditions. This often occurs in the control group, where participants believe they are receiving the actual treatment but are actually given a placebo.

Question 17

A double-blind experiment would be used for all of the following EXCEPT to

Accepted Answer

Double-blind experiments do not eliminate the need for randomly assigning participants to experimental and control groups. Instead, they are used to minimize biases that could affect the results of the experiment. Therefore, option D is the correct answer as this statement is false.

Question 18

Through subtle hints,such as the tone of his voice,body language,and by giving encouragement and criticism,Dr.Enor unintentionally influenced his subjects so that they reacted in ways that were consistent with his experimental hypothesis.This example demonstrates the

Accepted Answer

Dr. Enor's unintentional influence on his subjects through subtle hints and encouragement/criticism is an example of researcher bias. This bias can occur when the researcher's expectations or beliefs about a study influence the outcome of the study itself. In this case, Dr. Enor's hypothesis may have affected his behavior towards his subjects, leading to unintentional influence through his tone and body language.

Question 19

Both research participant bias and research bias can be controlled by

Accepted Answer

Double-blind experiments can control both research participant bias and research bias. By keeping both the participants and the researchers blind to the condition assignments, the results are less likely to be influenced by expectations or preferences. Random selection and assignment can control participant bias to some degree, but not research bias. Single-blind experiments may control participant bias to some degree, but not research bias.

Question 20

An experiment in which neither the subjects nor the experimenters administering the drugs know who is receiving the real drug or a placebo is called a ______ experiment.

Accepted Answer

A double-blind experiment is designed to reduce bias in research by ensuring that neither the subjects nor the experimenters know who is receiving the real drug or a placebo. This helps to eliminate the placebo effect and increases the accuracy and reliability of the results. The other answer options are incorrect as they do not accurately describe this type of experiment.

Quiz 5: Introducing Psychology: the Psychology Experiment