Question 1

A child who does not form a loving bond early in life tends to suffer impairment in their social development.This statement emphasizes the importance of the
A)sensitive period.
B)temperament state.
C)zone of proximal development.
D)genetic principles of development.

Accepted Answer

The statement emphasizes the importance of the sensitive period, which is a critical time in a child's development during which they are particularly responsive to certain experiences and stimuli. During this time, the formation of a loving bond with caregivers is crucial for healthy social development. A child's temperament state, zone of proximal development, and genetic principles of development may all play a role in their overall development, but they are not directly related to the importance of early bonding for social development.

Question 2

Regarding the effects of deprivation and enrichment,which of the following statements is FALSE?
A)Impoverished children tend to be sick more often,their mental development lags,and they do poorly at school.
B)The stresses of poverty can be hard on parents,leading to marriage problems,less positive parenting,and poorer parent-child relationships.
C)Few adults who grew up in poverty have remained trapped in continued poverty.
D)Many studies have shown that enriched environments improve the abilities or enhance the development of young children.

Accepted Answer

This statement is false because research has shown that a significant number of adults who grew up in poverty have remained trapped in continued poverty due to factors such as lack of access to education, limited job opportunities, and systemic inequalities.

Question 3

Rats raised in environments that had cages decorated with colorful patterns and filled with platforms,ladders,and cubbyholes
A)became confused and withdrawn.
B)became more aggressive and territorial in their behavior.
C)developed a larger,heavier brain with a thicker cortex.
D)were no different in physical or behavioral characteristics than the rats raised in the standard laboratory cages.

Accepted Answer

Studies have shown that rats raised in enriched environments with varied stimuli, such as colorful patterns, platforms, ladders, and cubbyholes, have larger and heavier brains with thicker cortices. These rats also show improved learning and memory abilities compared to rats raised in standard laboratory cages. They also exhibit more exploratory and playful behavior.

Question 4

Growing infants influence their parents' behavior at the same time they are changed by it.This illustrates
A)reciprocal influences.
B)the secular trend in behavior.
C)genetic predispositions.
D)the zone of proximal development.

Accepted Answer

Reciprocal influences refer to the bidirectional interactions between individuals, where each person's behavior affects and is affected by the other's behavior. In this case, the growing infant is changing the behavior of its parents, while at the same time being influenced by the parents' behavior. Thus, reciprocal influences are being observed in this situation. The other answer choices (B, C, and D) do not accurately describe the situation presented.

Question 5

Rats that were raised in the enriched cage environments
A)had smaller,lighter brains.
B)had brains with a thinner cortex.
C)were superior at learning mazes.
D)exhibited all of these characteristics.

Accepted Answer

Rats that were raised in enriched cage environments were superior at learning mazes, but did not have smaller, lighter brains or thinner cortices.

Question 6

Poverty has been shown to affect
A)a child's health with poor children being sick more often.
B)a child's socioemotional development.
C)a child's cognitive development.
D)all of these.

Accepted Answer

Poverty has been shown to impact a child's health by increasing their likelihood of getting sick due to inadequate nutrition, living conditions and exposure to disease; socioemotional development by increasing their risk for anxiety and depression, and affecting their behavior and relationships with others; and cognitive development by limiting their access to educational resources and opportunities needed to develop academically. Therefore, all choices are correct.

Question 7

Rats that were raised in enriched environments showed all of the following characteristics EXCEPT for
A)having a larger brain.
B)having a brain with a thicker cortex.
C)being superior at learning mazes.
D)becoming more docile and less aggressive.

Accepted Answer

The other three choices are common findings in studies of rats raised in enriched environments. However, there is no evidence to support that they become more docile and less aggressive. In fact, some studies have found the opposite to be true, with rats from enriched environments showing higher levels of exploratory behavior and risk-taking.

Question 8

Which of the following would NOT be good advice for parents of young children?
A)Encourage exploration and stimulating play by paying attention to what holds your baby's interest.
B)To teach patience and control,it is best to strictly limit what a child can touch in the home.
C)Take babies outside,hang mobiles over their cribs,place mirrors nearby,play music for them,or rearrange their rooms now and then.
D)It is wise to view all of childhood as a relatively sensitive period.

Accepted Answer

Strictly limiting what a child can touch in the home does not teach patience and control. It may instead lead to frustration and lack of exploration. Encouraging safe exploration and setting boundaries with explanations is a better approach.

Question 9

If a woman has German measles during early pregnancy,her child may be born with heart defects,cataracts,or hearing loss.If she has German measles later in her pregnancy,the child would escape without damage.This illustrates the importance of
A)sensitive periods.
B)biological stages of development.
C)maturational milestones.
D)biopsychosocial crises.

Accepted Answer

The scenario described in the question is an example of a sensitive period, which refers to a time in a person's development when they are particularly vulnerable to certain environmental influences. In this case, the developing fetus is vulnerable to the effects of German measles during certain periods of pregnancy. This highlights the importance of being aware of sensitive periods in order to minimize negative outcomes and support healthy development.

Question 10

Baby Michael has normal hearing,but both of his parents are deaf and use sign language to communicate.During Michael's first year of life,they enroll him in day care in order for Michael to hear normal speech
A)because the first year is a sensitive period for learning to develop peer relationships.
B)because the first year is a sensitive period for language development.
C)because there is no sensitive period for language development,but a child must be exposed to normal speech at all times.
D)for none of these reasons.

Accepted Answer

The first year of life is a sensitive period for language development, during which infants are particularly adept at learning language. Enrolling Michael in day care will provide him with exposure to normal speech and facilitate his language development, which may be important given that his parents are deaf and use sign language to communicate. Simply being exposed to sign language may not be sufficient for Michael to fully develop his language abilities.

Question 11

Poverty is to deprivation as early childhood stimulation is to
A)imprinting.
B)enrichment.
C)assimilation.
D)vicarious learning.

Accepted Answer

Deprivation is the opposite of having the necessary resources and opportunities to thrive, and poverty is a common cause of deprivation. In the same way, early childhood stimulation is the opposite of lacking the resources and opportunities to develop mentally and physically, and enrichment is a common outcome of early childhood stimulation. Therefore, the answer is (B) enrichment. The other options are not directly related to early childhood stimulation. Imprinting is a type of learning that occurs in animals shortly after birth or hatching, while assimilation refers to the process of incorporating new information into existing knowledge structures. Vicarious learning is a type of learning that occurs through observation of others.

Question 12

Jana is an easy baby who smiles and vocalizes frequently,which encourages her parents to smile and talk to her more.This,in turn,causes Jana to smile and interact with her parents more.This illustrates
A)reciprocal influences.
B)genetic predispositions.
C)a parental behavior that would occur even if Jana had a difficult temperament.
D)all of these.

Accepted Answer

This scenario illustrates reciprocal influences, where Jana's behavior and her parents' behavior influence each other in a continuous loop. It does not necessarily demonstrate genetic predispositions or a parental behavior that would be the same regardless of Jana's temperament.

Question 13

When a psychologist describes the reciprocal influences between parent and child,the psychologist is stating that
A)a child's temperament plays the most important role in development.
B)parenting behavior plays the most important role in development.
C)there is an interaction between a child's temperament and parenting behaviors.
D)the nature-nurture controversy will never be resolved.

Accepted Answer

The statement "reciprocal influences between parent and child" suggests that parenting behaviors and a child's temperament interact with each other to shape a child's development. This reflects the idea that nature (temperament) and nurture (parenting) both play important roles in development, and neither can be understood in isolation. Therefore, option C is the best choice.

Question 14

When nine-year-old Jenny was found by social workers in the attic of her family's home,she looked more like a five-year-old physically,was mute,retarded,and emotionally damaged.Jenny most likely experienced
A)too much sensory stimulation.
B)a restricted environment.
C)exposure to carcinogens.
D)a psychologically enriched environment.

Accepted Answer

Jenny's condition suggests that she experienced limited opportunities for social, emotional, and intellectual growth, which is typical of a restricted environment. Lack of stimulation from the external environment can cause developmental delays, intellectual disabilities, and emotional maladjustment. The other options are less likely to cause the specific symptoms described in Jenny's case.

Question 15

Due to financial difficulties,Damon's parents have difficulty paying rent and utilities,buying nutritious food,and taking their children to the doctor or dentist when needed.These parents often verbally argue with each other over their financial problems,which also affects their relationship with their children.Although Damon and his siblings would love to have a computer,they know this will never be possible.According to research,a home situation,such as the one described,has been shown
A)to affect the child's physical health with the child being sick more often.
B)not to affect a child's cognitive development.
C)not to affect a child's socioemotional development.
D)to have short-term effects,but not to lead to a cycle of continued poverty as an adult.

Accepted Answer

The home situation described in the passage includes difficulty buying nutritious food and taking the children to the doctor or dentist when needed, which can lead to poor physical health for the child.

Question 16

A lack of normal stimulation,nutrition,comfort,or love is referred to as
A)abuse.
B)scaffolding.
C)deprivation.
D)rejection.

Accepted Answer

Deprivation refers to the lack of necessary stimuli or nurturing required for healthy development. It can result from neglect, lack of adequate resources, or a variety of other factors, and may have long-term consequences for physical, cognitive, and emotional well-being. Abuse and rejection are related concepts, but they involve active harm or dismissal rather than mere absence or lack of support. Scaffolding refers to the gradual process of providing support and guidance to individuals as they gain new skills or knowledge, and is not directly related to deprivation.

Question 17

Which of the following would NOT be part of an enriched environment for children?
A)child-proofing the house to allow the child to actively explore his or her surroundings
B)limiting what a child can touch in order to present these sensations systematically
C)surrounding babies with colors,music,people,and things to see,taste,smell,and touch
D)responsive parents noticing what holds a child's attention

Accepted Answer

Limiting what a child can touch would not be part of an enriched environment because it would restrict the child's ability to explore and learn from sensory experiences. An enriched environment should provide opportunities for the child to actively explore their surroundings and interact with a variety of stimuli.

Question 18

Deliberately making an environment more stimulating,nutritional,comforting,and loving is referred to as
A)overindulgence.
B)permissive love.
C)psychological intervention.
D)enrichment.

Accepted Answer

Deliberately making an environment more stimulating, nutritional, comforting, and loving is referred to as enrichment. This can be done through various means, such as providing toys, puzzles, and other activities to stimulate the mind, offering healthy and nutritious food to support physical growth, creating a comfortable and safe living environment, and providing emotional support and affection. Enrichment is an important aspect of child development and can have a significant impact on a child's overall well-being and success in life.

Question 19

Regarding the effects of poverty,which of the following statements is FALSE?
A)The stresses of poverty have not been shown to lead to marital problems or to less positive parenting.
B)Poverty can affect a child's physical and cognitive development.
C)Extreme cases of poverty and emotional turmoil can increase the risk of mental illness and delinquent behavior.
D)Adults who grew up in poverty often remain trapped in a vicious cycle of continued poverty.

Accepted Answer

The statement "The stresses of poverty have not been shown to lead to marital problems or to less positive parenting" is false. Poverty can have a significant impact on a family's dynamics and relationships, including increased stress and conflict within a marriage, as well as difficulties in providing positive parenting due to financial and other stressors.

Question 20

Approximately how many Americans fell below the poverty line in 2011?
A)7,000,000
B)10,000,000
C)23,000,000
D)46,000,000

Accepted Answer

According to data from the U.S. Census Bureau, 46.2 million Americans fell below the poverty line in 2011.

Quiz 13: Human Development: Heredity and Environment

A child who does not form a loving bond early in life tends to suffer impairment in their social development.This statement emphasizes the importance of the

Regarding the effects of deprivation and enrichment,which of the following statements is FALSE?

Rats raised in environments that had cages decorated with colorful patterns and filled with platforms,ladders,and cubbyholes

Growing infants influence their parents' behavior at the same time they are changed by it.This illustrates

Rats that were raised in the enriched cage environments

Poverty has been shown to affect

Rats that were raised in enriched environments showed all of the following characteristics EXCEPT for

Which of the following would NOT be good advice for parents of young children?

If a woman has German measles during early pregnancy,her child may be born with heart defects,cataracts,or hearing loss.If she has German measles later in her pregnancy,the child would escape without damage.This illustrates the importance of

Baby Michael has normal hearing,but both of his parents are deaf and use sign language to communicate.During Michael's first year of life,they enroll him in day care in order for Michael to hear normal speech

Poverty is to deprivation as early childhood stimulation is to

Jana is an easy baby who smiles and vocalizes frequently,which encourages her parents to smile and talk to her more.This,in turn,causes Jana to smile and interact with her parents more.This illustrates

When a psychologist describes the reciprocal influences between parent and child,the psychologist is stating that

When nine-year-old Jenny was found by social workers in the attic of her family's home,she looked more like a five-year-old physically,was mute,retarded,and emotionally damaged.Jenny most likely experienced

A lack of normal stimulation,nutrition,comfort,or love is referred to as

Which of the following would NOT be part of an enriched environment for children?

Deliberately making an environment more stimulating,nutritional,comforting,and loving is referred to as

Regarding the effects of poverty,which of the following statements is FALSE?

Approximately how many Americans fell below the poverty line in 2011?