Question 1

A therapy widely used to extinguish fears and phobias is called

Accepted Answer

Systematic desensitization is a therapy technique used to extinguish fears and phobias, where the individual is gradually exposed to the feared object or situation while in a relaxed state, helping them to learn a new response of relaxation instead of fear. Positive transference is a concept from psychodynamic therapy, insight therapy focuses on gaining insight into underlying problems or conflicts, and response reconditioning is not a widely used therapy technique.

Question 2

It has been widely accepted that that many phobias begin as a(n)

Accepted Answer

Many phobias are caused by a conditioned emotional response, which is a learned association between a previously neutral stimulus and a negative emotional response. For example, if someone had a traumatic experience with a spider, they may develop a phobia of spiders, even if they intellectually know that spiders are not inherently dangerous. This association creates a conditioned emotional response, which causes fear and anxiety in the presence or even the thought of the phobic stimulus.

Question 3

Which of the following is an example of a conditioned emotional response?

Accepted Answer

A conditioned emotional response is when an emotional response (like fear) is associated with a conditioned stimulus (like a dog). In this case, cringing at the presence of a dog after being bitten is an example of a conditioned emotional response. Salivating to the sound of a bell is a conditioned reflex, blinking when a puff of air is blown in your eye is a reflex, and running to catch a train is a voluntary response.

Question 4

Ms.Reed's emotional reaction to her ordeal of being trapped in an elevator for several hours has generalized to a fear of all enclosed spaces.This is an example of

Accepted Answer

Ms. Reed's fear of all enclosed spaces after her experience in the elevator is a disproportionate and irrational response, which is characteristic of phobias.

Question 5

During a conditioned emotional response,which area of the brain becomes more active and produces feelings of fear?

Accepted Answer

The amygdala is responsible for processing and producing feelings of fear during a conditioned emotional response.

Question 6

Many phobias can be traced back to a time when the person was frightened,injured,or upset by a particular stimulus,especially in childhood,and would,thus,be based on

Accepted Answer

Phobias are often based on emotional conditioning, where a person associates a particular stimulus with a traumatic or upsetting event. This can happen in childhood and lead to a lasting fear or phobia. Inherited familial patterns (A) may play a role in some phobias, but it is not the primary cause. Operant extinction (C) and instrumental acquisition (D) are not relevant to the development of phobias.

Question 7

When parents belittle,scream at,or physically abuse their children,the parents,themselves,become which of the following for fear and withdrawal?

Accepted Answer

When parents belittle, scream at, or physically abuse their children, the parents themselves become conditioned stimuli for fear and withdrawal.

Question 8

Stimulus generalization and higher-order conditioning can result in a limited fear becoming

Accepted Answer

Stimulus generalization can lead to a limited fear being associated with similar stimuli, thus becoming a phobia. Higher-order conditioning can also strengthen this association, making the fear more intense and disabling.

Question 9

Which of the following is a fear that persists even when no realistic danger exists?

Accepted Answer

A phobia is an excessive fear of a specific object, situation, or activity that persists even when no realistic danger exists. Compulsion is a repetitive behavior or mental act that a person feels driven to perform in response to an obsession. An unconditioned reaction is an automatic or natural response to a stimulus. Neurosis is a mental disorder characterized by anxiety, obsession, compulsion, or phobia.

Question 10

The feelings of fear that occur during a conditioned emotional response are produced by a part of the limbic system called the

Accepted Answer

The amygdala is a part of the limbic system that plays a key role in processing emotions, including fear. It is known to be important for the creation and storage of conditioned fear responses.

Question 11

In 1920,which psychologist classically conditioned a young child named Little Albert to fear rats?

Accepted Answer

John B. Watson and his graduate student Rosalie Rayner conducted the classical conditioning experiment with Little Albert in 1920.

Question 12

A phobia is best interpreted as a

Accepted Answer

A phobia is an irrational fear that is not based on realistic dangers, but rather a conditioned emotional response. It is an exaggerated or extreme fear of a specific object or situation, often to the point of interfering with daily life.

Question 13

Learned reactions worsen many cases of hypertension.For example,traffic jams and arguments with a spouse can trigger a dangerous rise in blood pressure because these situations have become

Accepted Answer

In this scenario, traffic jams and arguments with a spouse have become conditioned stimuli because they have been repeatedly associated with the dangerous rise in blood pressure. The individual has learned to associate these situations with a physiological response, which is an example of classical conditioning. Therefore, the best answer is A) conditioned stimuli.

Question 14

Many involuntary,autonomic system responses ("fight­or­flight" reflexes)are linked with new stimuli and situations by

Accepted Answer

Classical conditioning is the process by which an involuntary response (such as the "fight-or-flight" reflex) becomes associated with a new stimulus through repeated pairings. For example, if someone has a fear of spiders, they may initially only have an involuntary fear response when they see a live spider. However, through repeated pairings of the spider with other stimuli (such as seeing a spider in a horror movie or hearing someone talk about spiders), the fear response may become associated with these new stimuli as well. This is how classical conditioning can link autonomic system responses with new stimuli and situations.

Question 15

Many people start tensing up during a horror movie whenever they hear a familiar tune because this tune is always associated with a character being in danger.This situation illustrates

Accepted Answer

The association of a familiar tune with danger in a horror movie demonstrates the development of a conditioned emotional response, where a previously neutral stimulus (the tune) elicits an emotional response (tension) due to its association with a stimulus that already elicits that emotional response (danger in the movie). This is a classic example of classical conditioning. Shaping (A) involves gradually molding a desired behavior by rewarding successive approximations, and negative reinforcement (C) involves the removal of an aversive stimulus to increase the likelihood of a behavior occurring, neither of which apply to this situation. Desensitization (D) involves gradually reducing an individual's response to a stimulus through repeated exposure, which is not what is occurring in this situation either.

Question 16

One of the most common mistakes people make with pets (especially dogs)is hitting them if they do not come when called.Thus,"calling" the animal becomes which of the following for fear and withdrawal?

Accepted Answer

Calling the animal becomes a conditioned stimulus because it is associated with the negative experience of being hit, leading to fear and withdrawal as a conditioned response.

Question 17

Which of the following often spread conditioned emotional responses (CERs)to other stimuli,which results in a limited fear becoming a disabling phobia?

Accepted Answer

Stimulus generalization occurs when a conditioned response is elicited by stimuli similar to the original conditioned stimulus. Higher-order conditioning occurs when a previously neutral stimulus is paired with a conditioned stimulus, resulting in the neutral stimulus also eliciting a conditioned response. Both of these processes can lead to the spread of conditioned emotional responses to other stimuli, which can ultimately result in a limited fear becoming a disabling phobia.

Question 18

Fears and phobias cannot be readily eased by merely reading about them because

Accepted Answer

Cognitive learning, which involves processing information and reasoning about it, has little effect on the lower brain areas that produce feelings of fear. Therefore, reading about fears and phobias is unlikely to directly alleviate the emotional response associated with them, as this response is largely outside of conscious control.

Question 19

Tamara is deathly afraid of coming in contact with germs.So,her therapist gradually exposes Tamara to "unclean" things,such as touching dirt or taking a bite of an unwashed piece of fruit,while in a calm,relaxed,and supportive environment.This technique is known as

Accepted Answer

Tamara's therapist is using systematic desensitization, a technique that gradually exposes the person to the feared stimulus in a controlled and supportive environment. This helps Tamara overcome her fear of germs by allowing her to gradually face her fears and learn that they are not as dangerous as she thought. Option B, vicarious conditioning, involves learning by observing others, and does not seem to apply to Tamara's situation. Option C, spontaneous recovery, refers to the sudden re-emergence of a previously extinguished behavior or response, and does not apply here. Option D, modeling, involves learning by observing and imitating others, and also does not seem to apply to this situation.

Question 20

Andy was in a severe automobile accident.Now he has a persistent unrealistic fear of any type of transportation. This is an example of

Accepted Answer

Andy's persistent and unrealistic fear of transportation is an example of a phobia. A phobia is an exaggerated, irrational fear of a specific object, situation, or activity that is out of proportion to the actual danger it poses. In this case, the traumatic experience of the automobile accident has led to a phobia of transportation in general.

Quiz 29: Conditioning and Learning: Classical Conditioning

A therapy widely used to extinguish fears and phobias is called

It has been widely accepted that that many phobias begin as a(n)

Which of the following is an example of a conditioned emotional response?

Ms.Reed's emotional reaction to her ordeal of being trapped in an elevator for several hours has generalized to a fear of all enclosed spaces.This is an example of

During a conditioned emotional response,which area of the brain becomes more active and produces feelings of fear?

Many phobias can be traced back to a time when the person was frightened,injured,or upset by a particular stimulus,especially in childhood,and would,thus,be based on

When parents belittle,scream at,or physically abuse their children,the parents,themselves,become which of the following for fear and withdrawal?

Stimulus generalization and higher-order conditioning can result in a limited fear becoming

Which of the following is a fear that persists even when no realistic danger exists?

The feelings of fear that occur during a conditioned emotional response are produced by a part of the limbic system called the

In 1920,which psychologist classically conditioned a young child named Little Albert to fear rats?

A phobia is best interpreted as a

Learned reactions worsen many cases of hypertension.For example,traffic jams and arguments with a spouse can trigger a dangerous rise in blood pressure because these situations have become

Many involuntary,autonomic system responses ("fightorflight" reflexes) are linked with new stimuli and situations by

Many people start tensing up during a horror movie whenever they hear a familiar tune because this tune is always associated with a character being in danger.This situation illustrates

One of the most common mistakes people make with pets (especially dogs) is hitting them if they do not come when called.Thus,"calling" the animal becomes which of the following for fear and withdrawal?

Which of the following often spread conditioned emotional responses (CERs) to other stimuli,which results in a limited fear becoming a disabling phobia?

Fears and phobias cannot be readily eased by merely reading about them because

Tamara is deathly afraid of coming in contact with germs.So,her therapist gradually exposes Tamara to "unclean" things,such as touching dirt or taking a bite of an unwashed piece of fruit,while in a calm,relaxed,and supportive environment.This technique is known as

Andy was in a severe automobile accident.Now he has a persistent unrealistic fear of any type of transportation. This is an example of

Quiz 29: Conditioning and Learning: Classical Conditioning

A therapy widely used to extinguish fears and phobias is called

It has been widely accepted that that many phobias begin as a(n)

Which of the following is an example of a conditioned emotional response?

Ms.Reed's emotional reaction to her ordeal of being trapped in an elevator for several hours has generalized to a fear of all enclosed spaces.This is an example of

During a conditioned emotional response,which area of the brain becomes more active and produces feelings of fear?

Many phobias can be traced back to a time when the person was frightened,injured,or upset by a particular stimulus,especially in childhood,and would,thus,be based on

When parents belittle,scream at,or physically abuse their children,the parents,themselves,become which of the following for fear and withdrawal?

Stimulus generalization and higher-order conditioning can result in a limited fear becoming

Which of the following is a fear that persists even when no realistic danger exists?

The feelings of fear that occur during a conditioned emotional response are produced by a part of the limbic system called the

In 1920,which psychologist classically conditioned a young child named Little Albert to fear rats?

A phobia is best interpreted as a

Learned reactions worsen many cases of hypertension.For example,traffic jams and arguments with a spouse can trigger a dangerous rise in blood pressure because these situations have become

Many involuntary,autonomic system responses ("fight­or­flight" reflexes) are linked with new stimuli and situations by

Many people start tensing up during a horror movie whenever they hear a familiar tune because this tune is always associated with a character being in danger.This situation illustrates

One of the most common mistakes people make with pets (especially dogs) is hitting them if they do not come when called.Thus,"calling" the animal becomes which of the following for fear and withdrawal?

Which of the following often spread conditioned emotional responses (CERs) to other stimuli,which results in a limited fear becoming a disabling phobia?

Fears and phobias cannot be readily eased by merely reading about them because

Tamara is deathly afraid of coming in contact with germs.So,her therapist gradually exposes Tamara to "unclean" things,such as touching dirt or taking a bite of an unwashed piece of fruit,while in a calm,relaxed,and supportive environment.This technique is known as

Andy was in a severe automobile accident.Now he has a persistent unrealistic fear of any type of transportation. This is an example of

Many involuntary,autonomic system responses ("fightorflight" reflexes) are linked with new stimuli and situations by