Question 1

According to the GOLD report, which of the following is the greatest worldwide risk factor for COPD?

Accepted Answer

According to the GOLD report, tobacco smoke is the greatest worldwide risk factor for COPD. It accounts for around 80% of cases of COPD. Other risk factors include environmental air pollution, occupational dusts and chemicals, and genetic predisposition. Marijuana smoke and AIDS are not identified as major risk factors for COPD in the GOLD report.

Question 2

Which of the following is true of the diffusing capacity test (DLCO) findings in a patient with COPD?

Accepted Answer

The diffusion capacity test (DLCO) measures the ability of oxygen to diffuse from the air sacs in the lungs into the blood vessels. In patients with COPD, the DLCO is typically decreased, especially in emphysema. This is because emphysema causes damage to the air sacs, which decreases the surface area available for gas exchange, leading to a decrease in oxygen uptake. In contrast, chronic bronchitis does not typically cause significant damage to the air sacs, and therefore may not have as profound an effect on DLCO as emphysema.

Question 3

Which of the following would indicate a diagnosis of advanced COPD? 1) Arterial blood gases show low O₂ and high CO₂. 2) Arterial blood gases show high O₂ and low CO₂. 3) Pulmonary function tests show low flow of air on expiration. 4) Pulmonary function tests show low flow of air on inspiration.

Accepted Answer

Advanced COPD is characterized by impaired gas exchange, leading to low oxygen (O2) and high carbon dioxide (CO2) levels in arterial blood gases, and reduced airflow on expiration as shown in pulmonary function tests.

Question 4

Emphysema:
1) is most closely associated with chronic bronchitis.
2) is most closely associated with cystic fibrosis.
3) leads to the destruction of alveolar walls.
4) is characterized by mucus plugging.

Accepted Answer

Emphysema is a type of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) that is most closely associated with chronic bronchitis (1) and involves the destruction of alveolar walls (3), leading to decreased surface area for gas exchange.

Question 5

Which of the following terms is/are commonly applied to a patient with emphysema?
1) Pink puffer
2) Blue bloater
3) Type A COPD
4) Type B COPD

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following terms is/are commonly...

Question 6

Which of the following are associated with chronic bronchitis? 1) Cyanosis 2) Purulent sputum 3) Right heart failure 4) Elevated CO₂ level

Accepted Answer

Chronic bronchitis is characterized by cyanosis, purulent sputum production, right heart failure (cor pulmonale), and elevated CO2 levels due to impaired gas exchange.

Question 7

A patient with emphysema will often have the following clinical manifestations:
1) Polycythemia
2) Barrel chest
3) Pursed-lip breathing
4) Normal percussion note

Accepted Answer

Emphysema is a type of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) that leads to destruction of the alveoli in the lungs, making it difficult to breathe out. It is characterized by a barrel-shaped chest and pursed-lip breathing. However, it does not typically cause polycythemia (an increase in red blood cells) and percussion over the affected area of the lungs would produce a hyperresonant note instead of a normal one. Therefore, the correct manifestations are B) Barrel chest and pursed-lip breathing.

Question 8

Which of the following are anatomic alterations found with emphysema?
1) Hyperinflation
2) Mucus plugs
3) Decreased surface area for gas exchange
4) Weakened distal airways

Accepted Answer

Hyperinflation, decreased surface area for gas exchange, and weakened distal airways are all anatomic alterations found with emphysema. Mucus plugs are not a typical finding of emphysema.

Question 9

Emphysema is probably caused by all of the following EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

Emphysema is primarily caused by long-term exposure to cigarette smoke, second-hand smoke, and air pollution, as well as a deficiency in the protein alpha-1 antitrypsin. Inhaling asbestos fibers can lead to a different lung disease called asbestosis, which is not directly related to emphysema.

Question 10

A genetically linked cause of panlobular emphysema is:

Accepted Answer

Panlobular emphysema is commonly associated with α1-antitrypsin deficiency, which is a genetic condition inherited in an autosomal codominant pattern. The deficiency of α1-antitrypsin leads to unopposed effects of elastase enzymes in the lung parenchyma causing damage and emphysema. The other options (A, C, D) are not genetically linked causes of panlobular emphysema.

Question 11

At which stage of COPD does the patient usually first seek medical attention because of worsening symptoms?

Accepted Answer

Patients with COPD usually first seek medical attention in Stage II, as this is when symptoms such as shortness of breath and coughing become more pronounced and affect daily activities. In Stage I, symptoms may be mild and not noticeable, while in Stages III and IV, symptoms are more severe and often require hospitalization or advanced interventions.

Question 12

The genetic reference to a person with a normal level of $\alpha$₁-antitrypsin is:

Accepted Answer

The genetic code given refers to the different alleles and their mutations of the alpha-1 antitrypsin (A1AT) gene. The MM genotype refers to a person with two copies of the normal A1AT gene. The Z phenotype and ZZ genotype refer to a mutated form of the gene that can lead to deficiency in A1AT production and potential lung disease. The MZ genotype refers to a person with one normal and one mutated gene, which may increase the risk of lung disease but is not as severe as the ZZ genotype. The code given does not indicate any mutations, therefore the person has a normal level of A1AT and the genotype is MM.

Question 13

A patient with chronic bronchitis will have which of the following clinical manifestations?
1) Rhonchi
2) Cor pulmonale
3) Use of accessory muscles
4) Stocky, overweight build

Accepted Answer

Chronic bronchitis is characterized by rhonchi due to mucus in the airways, cor pulmonale due to pulmonary hypertension, and patients often have a stocky, overweight build.

Question 14

The management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) includes:
1) annual influenza immunization.
2) bronchopulmonary hygiene procedures.
3) lung volume-reduction surgery.
4) smoking cessation.

Accepted Answer

All listed options are part of the management strategies for COPD, including preventive measures like immunization, therapeutic procedures, surgical options, and lifestyle changes.

Question 15

Which of the following are anatomic alterations found with chronic bronchitis?
1) Increased size of submucosal bronchial glands
2) Destruction of pulmonary capillaries
3) Chronic bronchial wall inflammation
4) Bronchospasm

Accepted Answer

Chronic bronchitis is characterized by chronic inflammation and excessive mucus production in the bronchial tubes leading to cough and airflow obstruction. The anatomic alterations found with chronic bronchitis include increased size of submucosal bronchial glands, chronic bronchial wall inflammation, and bronchospasm. Destruction of pulmonary capillaries is not a characteristic feature of chronic bronchitis.

Quiz 11: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Copd: Chronic Bronchitis, and Emphysema

According to the GOLD report, which of the following is the greatest worldwide risk factor for COPD?

Which of the following is true of the diffusing capacity test (DLCO) findings in a patient with COPD?

Emphysema: 1) is most closely associated with chronic bronchitis. 2) is most closely associated with cystic fibrosis. 3) leads to the destruction of alveolar walls. 4) is characterized by mucus plugging.

Which of the following terms is/are commonly applied to a patient with emphysema? 1) Pink puffer 2) Blue bloater 3) Type A COPD 4) Type B COPD

Which of the following are associated with chronic bronchitis? 1) Cyanosis 2) Purulent sputum 3) Right heart failure 4) Elevated CO₂ level

A patient with emphysema will often have the following clinical manifestations: 1) Polycythemia 2) Barrel chest 3) Pursed-lip breathing 4) Normal percussion note

Which of the following are anatomic alterations found with emphysema? 1) Hyperinflation 2) Mucus plugs 3) Decreased surface area for gas exchange 4) Weakened distal airways

Emphysema is probably caused by all of the following EXCEPT:

A genetically linked cause of panlobular emphysema is:

At which stage of COPD does the patient usually first seek medical attention because of worsening symptoms?

The genetic reference to a person with a normal level of $\alpha$ ₁-antitrypsin is:

A patient with chronic bronchitis will have which of the following clinical manifestations? 1) Rhonchi 2) Cor pulmonale 3) Use of accessory muscles 4) Stocky, overweight build

The management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) includes: 1) annual influenza immunization. 2) bronchopulmonary hygiene procedures. 3) lung volume-reduction surgery. 4) smoking cessation.

Which of the following are anatomic alterations found with chronic bronchitis? 1) Increased size of submucosal bronchial glands 2) Destruction of pulmonary capillaries 3) Chronic bronchial wall inflammation 4) Bronchospasm

Quiz 11: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Copd: Chronic Bronchitis, and Emphysema

According to the GOLD report, which of the following is the greatest worldwide risk factor for COPD?

Which of the following is true of the diffusing capacity test (DLCO) findings in a patient with COPD?

Which of the following would indicate a diagnosis of advanced COPD? 1) Arterial blood gases show low O2 and high CO2. 2) Arterial blood gases show high O2 and low CO2. 3) Pulmonary function tests show low flow of air on expiration. 4) Pulmonary function tests show low flow of air on inspiration.

Emphysema: 1) is most closely associated with chronic bronchitis. 2) is most closely associated with cystic fibrosis. 3) leads to the destruction of alveolar walls. 4) is characterized by mucus plugging.

Which of the following terms is/are commonly applied to a patient with emphysema? 1) Pink puffer 2) Blue bloater 3) Type A COPD 4) Type B COPD

Which of the following are associated with chronic bronchitis? 1) Cyanosis 2) Purulent sputum 3) Right heart failure 4) Elevated CO2 level

A patient with emphysema will often have the following clinical manifestations: 1) Polycythemia 2) Barrel chest 3) Pursed-lip breathing 4) Normal percussion note

Which of the following are anatomic alterations found with emphysema? 1) Hyperinflation 2) Mucus plugs 3) Decreased surface area for gas exchange 4) Weakened distal airways

Emphysema is probably caused by all of the following EXCEPT:

A genetically linked cause of panlobular emphysema is:

At which stage of COPD does the patient usually first seek medical attention because of worsening symptoms?

The genetic reference to a person with a normal level of α\alphaα 1-antitrypsin is:

A patient with chronic bronchitis will have which of the following clinical manifestations? 1) Rhonchi 2) Cor pulmonale 3) Use of accessory muscles 4) Stocky, overweight build

The management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) includes: 1) annual influenza immunization. 2) bronchopulmonary hygiene procedures. 3) lung volume-reduction surgery. 4) smoking cessation.

Which of the following are anatomic alterations found with chronic bronchitis? 1) Increased size of submucosal bronchial glands 2) Destruction of pulmonary capillaries 3) Chronic bronchial wall inflammation 4) Bronchospasm

Which of the following are associated with chronic bronchitis? 1) Cyanosis 2) Purulent sputum 3) Right heart failure 4) Elevated CO₂ level

The genetic reference to a person with a normal level of $\alpha$ ₁-antitrypsin is: