Question 1

Emily believes that babies learn language simply by being rewarded for making the correct language-like sound in response to something they hear.Her idea about learning language is MOST similar to the ideas of:
A)B)F.Skinner.
B)Edward Tolman.
C)Herbert Simon.
D)George Miller.

Accepted Answer

Emily's idea about language learning is most similar to the behaviorist theory of B.F. Skinner. Skinner believed in the principle of operant conditioning, where behavior is shaped through reinforcement of desired responses. In the case of language learning, infants are rewarded with attention and positive reinforcement when they make language-like sounds in response to something they hear, which encourages them to continue producing those sounds until they eventually form words and sentences.

Question 2

How would Aristotle's three principles of association explain how people come to associate dog and cat?

Accepted Answer

The answer of How would Aristotle's three principles of association...

Question 3

Which of the following was considered an empiricist?
A)Plato
B)Charles Darwin
C)Francis Galton
D)Aristotle

Accepted Answer

Aristotle is considered an empiricist because he emphasized observation and experience as the primary sources of knowledge, in contrast to Plato's emphasis on innate ideas.

Question 4

George Miller demonstrated that short-term memory capacity for digits was:
A)between 10 and 20 digits.
B)virtually unlimited.
C)about 3 digits.
D)between 7 and 9 digits.

Accepted Answer

George Miller's research suggested that the capacity of short-term memory for digits was limited to between 7 and 9 digits. This is known as Miller's Law or the "magic number seven."

Question 5

People raised in different cultures often exhibit different behaviors (e.g. ,perceptual,social,motivational,etc. )How would an empiricist account for such differences across cultures? How would a nativist account for the differences?

Accepted Answer

The answer of People raised in different cultures often exhibit...

Question 6

Charles Darwin proposed three criteria for traits to evolve through natural selection.Which of the following is an example of the criterion of relevance to survival?
A)Giraffe necks can range from short to long across members of the species.
B)Finch beaks range in shape from thin to thick.
C)Fawns with camouflaging spots will be protected from predators.
D)Giraffe neck length is a trait passed from parent to offspring.

Accepted Answer

Camouflaging spots provide a survival advantage as they help fawns blend in with their surroundings, making them less visible to predators. This fits Darwin's criterion of relevance to survival as it directly impacts an organism's ability to survive and reproduce. The other options may have some impact on survival and reproduction, but are not as directly related as the presence of camouflaging spots.

Question 7

One problem with Ebbinghaus's studies was:
A)he did not manipulate any variables.
B)he used a double-blind design.
C)he used a blind design.
D)there was a possibility of subject bias.

Accepted Answer

There was a possibility of subject bias in Ebbinghaus's studies, as he was both the researcher and subject of his own experiments. Therefore, his results may have been influenced by his own biases or expectations.

Question 8

If you believe that all babies are born with the potential to become great musicians,you would agree with the ideas of:
A)Plato.
B)Gottfried Leibniz.
C)John Locke.
D)Francis Galton.

Accepted Answer

John Locke believed in the concept of tabula rasa, or blank slate, in which an individual's potential is shaped by their environment and experiences. Therefore, he did not believe that individuals were born with innate talents or abilities, including musical ability.

Question 9

If experimenters play a very loud buzzer,a rat will be startled.If they repeatedly flash a light before the buzzer is played,the rat will eventually be startled by the light alone.This is an example of:
A)generalization.
B)classical conditioning.
C)the law of effect.
D)instrumental conditioning.

Accepted Answer

This is an example of classical conditioning, where a previously neutral stimulus (the light) becomes associated with the unconditioned stimulus (the loud buzzer) and is able to elicit the conditioned response (startle response) on its own.

Question 10

Which of the following is NOT a good way to remember something?
A)Repeat the information many times.
B)Pay attention when you are first learning the information.
C)Focus on just one sense,such as vision or hearing.
D)Get enough sleep.

Accepted Answer

Focusing on just one sense, such as vision or hearing, is not necessarily the best way to remember something. It is important to engage multiple senses and cognitive processes for optimal encoding and retention of information.

Question 11

The law of effect predicts which of the following?
A)If we play a tone and then give a dog food,the dog will eventually salivate in response to the tone.
B)If a child is bitten by a large black dog,she will start to fear all dogs,not just large black dogs.
C)If a teenager is grounded for staying out past his curfew,he will come home on time in the future.
D)If you can remember a list of words for a few hours after studying it,you will be less likely to forget the list later on.

Accepted Answer

The law of effect states that if a behavior is followed by a pleasant consequence, it is more likely to be repeated in the future. Therefore, if a teenager is grounded for staying out past his curfew and he doesn't like being grounded, he will be more likely to come home on time in the future to avoid that consequence.

Question 12

In Ebbinghaus's studies of memory,what was the dependent variable?
A)length of delay between learning and relearning
B)length of time it took to relearn a list
C)length of the list being learned
D)amount of practice done before being tested

Accepted Answer

The dependent variable in Ebbinghaus's studies of memory was the length of time it took to relearn a list. This was because Ebbinghaus was interested in studying the rate of forgetting, and the time it took to relearn a list after a delay was a measure of how much had been forgotten. The length of delay between learning and relearning was the independent variable.

Question 13

Behaviorism places the greatest emphasis on which of the following?
A)interpersonal relationships
B)unconscious emotions
C)observable behavior
D)mental processes

Accepted Answer

Behaviorism is a psychological approach that focuses on observable behavior rather than subjective experience or unconscious motivations. It emphasizes the role of reinforcement and punishment in shaping behavior and dismisses mental processes and emotions as unobservable and therefore not relevant to understanding behavior.

Question 14

In psychological studies,the group that receives the treatment is called the:
A)control group.
B)experimental group.
C)correlational group.
D)confound group.

Accepted Answer

The group that receives the treatment is called the experimental group in psychological studies. This group is compared to the control group, which does not receive the treatment, in order to determine if there is a significant difference between the two groups. Correlational groups refer to the groups that are measured for their level of correlation, and confound groups are groups that are unintentionally affected by factors that were not accounted for in the study design.

Question 15

In the movie Trading Places,a millionaire bets his brother that he can turn a beggar and thief into an upstanding citizen,and turn a wealthy moral man into a common criminal,just by altering the circumstances and environment of the two men.This view reflects the ideas of:
A)John Watson.
B)Charles Darwin.
C)Plato.
D)René Descartes.

Accepted Answer

John Watson was a behaviorist psychologist who believed that behavior is shaped by environmental factors, rather than innate qualities. This is demonstrated in the movie Trading Places, where the environment and circumstances that the two men are placed in ultimately determine their behavior and actions. Charles Darwin, Plato, and René Descartes' ideas do not specifically relate to this concept of behaviorism.

Question 16

If I say "black",it might make you think of the word "white." The connection in your memory between these concepts is known as:
A)associationism.
B)dualism.
C)empiricism.
D)nativism.

Accepted Answer

Associationism is a theory that suggests that the mind associates ideas, concepts, and experiences with one another based on their proximity in time, space, or psychological relevance. In this case, the mention of "black" brings to mind the concept of "white" due to the association between these two colours in our experience and memory. Dualism, empiricism, and nativism are other theories and concepts in philosophy and psychology that do not specifically explain the connection between two concepts in memory.

Question 17

If you have to study for an exam,what are three things you can do that will help improve your memory for the material?

Accepted Answer

The answer of If you have to study for an...

Question 18

Edward Tolman's research on the formation of cognitive maps in rats was important because it:
A)demonstrated that learning is based on stimulus-response association.
B)emphasized the importance of studying the role of internal representations in learning.
C)enabled him to devise a comprehensive mathematical model of animal learning.
D)demonstrated the importance of insight in learning.

Accepted Answer

Tolman's research showed that rats were able to form a cognitive map of their environment, indicating that they were not simply responding to stimuli, but were actively forming internal representations of their surroundings. This emphasized the importance of studying the role of internal representations in learning.

Question 19

Who proposed the idea that learning relies on networks of uniform and unlabeled connections?
A)Herbert Simon
B)W)K.Estes
C)Edward Tolman
D)David Rumelhart

Accepted Answer

David Rumelhart proposed the idea of neural networks, which are networks of uniform and unlabeled connections that are capable of learning and adapting to new inputs.

Question 20

In a distributed representation,information is stored in the:
A)pattern of activation across many nodes.
B)activity of a single node.
C)comparison of the activity between two nodes.
D)timing of the activation of two nodes.

Accepted Answer

In a distributed representation, information is stored as a pattern of activation across many nodes. This means that the information is not localized in a single node, but is instead spread out across multiple nodes, with each node contributing to the overall pattern of activation. This allows for more robust and flexible representations, as damage to any single node will not necessarily disrupt the overall pattern of activation.

Quiz 1: The Psychology of Learning and Memory

Emily believes that babies learn language simply by being rewarded for making the correct language-like sound in response to something they hear.Her idea about learning language is MOST similar to the ideas of:

How would Aristotle's three principles of association explain how people come to associate dog and cat?

Which of the following was considered an empiricist?

George Miller demonstrated that short-term memory capacity for digits was:

People raised in different cultures often exhibit different behaviors (e.g. ,perceptual,social,motivational,etc. )How would an empiricist account for such differences across cultures? How would a nativist account for the differences?

Charles Darwin proposed three criteria for traits to evolve through natural selection.Which of the following is an example of the criterion of relevance to survival?

One problem with Ebbinghaus's studies was:

If you believe that all babies are born with the potential to become great musicians,you would agree with the ideas of:

If experimenters play a very loud buzzer,a rat will be startled.If they repeatedly flash a light before the buzzer is played,the rat will eventually be startled by the light alone.This is an example of:

Which of the following is NOT a good way to remember something?

The law of effect predicts which of the following?

In Ebbinghaus's studies of memory,what was the dependent variable?

Behaviorism places the greatest emphasis on which of the following?

In psychological studies,the group that receives the treatment is called the:

In the movie Trading Places,a millionaire bets his brother that he can turn a beggar and thief into an upstanding citizen,and turn a wealthy moral man into a common criminal,just by altering the circumstances and environment of the two men.This view reflects the ideas of:

If I say "black",it might make you think of the word "white." The connection in your memory between these concepts is known as:

If you have to study for an exam,what are three things you can do that will help improve your memory for the material?

Edward Tolman's research on the formation of cognitive maps in rats was important because it:

Who proposed the idea that learning relies on networks of uniform and unlabeled connections?

In a distributed representation,information is stored in the: