Question 1

____ involves adapting logical thinking to the practical constraints of real-life situations.

Accepted Answer

Pragmatism involves taking into account practical considerations and adapting logical thinking to real-life situations, which fits the description given in the question. The other options, concrete thought, hypothetical and deductive reasoning, and reflective judgments, do not fully capture this aspect of adapting logical thinking to real-life constraints.

Question 2

Peng and Nisbett (1999)proposed that Chinese culture traditionally advocates an approach to knowledge that strives to reconcile contradictions and combine opposing perspectives by seeking a middle ground.What type of thinking is this?

Accepted Answer

Peng and Nisbett's description of Chinese culture's approach to knowledge aligns with dialectical thought, which refers to the ability to consider multiple viewpoints and reconcile contradictions. Pragmatic thought is focused on finding practical solutions, while formal operational thought involves logical, abstract reasoning. Concrete thought is focused on literal interpretations of reality.

Question 3

According to Piaget,formal operations are fully attained and cognitive maturation is complete by ____.

Accepted Answer

According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, formal operational thought is fully attained around age 12, but cognitive maturation is not complete until around age 20. This is because the prefrontal cortex, which is responsible for complex reasoning and decision-making, continues to develop and mature throughout adolescence and early adulthood. Therefore, the best choice is B, at least age 20.

Question 4

According to Basseches,what type of thinking develops in emerging adulthood that involves a growing awareness that problems often have no clear solution and two opposing strategies or points of view may each have some merit?

Accepted Answer

Basseches identifies dialectical thinking as the type of thinking that develops in emerging adulthood, which involves the ability to handle contradictions and recognize that two opposing points of view may each have some validity. Pragmatic thinking refers to thinking about practical, real-world problems, while formal operational thinking involves the ability to think abstractly and reason logically. Concrete thinking, on the other hand, involves thinking about things in a very literal and concrete way.

Question 5

According to Gisela Labouvie-Vief,adolescents and many young adults are confined to formal operations and do not possess postformal operational thought because they ____.

Accepted Answer

Gisela Labouvie-Vief suggests that adolescents and many young adults are confined to formal operations and do not possess postformal operational thought because they often exaggerate the extent to which logical thinking can be applied to real-life situations. This limitation is part of the transition from formal operational thought, which is more abstract and idealistic, to postformal thought, which integrates emotion and subjective experience into cognition, recognizing the complexity and ambiguity of real-life situations.

Question 6

When presented with the following story,according to Labouvie-Vief,how would an adolescent who is in formal operations respond? "Jim was a heavy drinker,especially at parties.His wife had warned him that if he came home drunk one more time,she would leave him and take the children.Sometime later he went to an office party and came home drunk.What did his wife do?"

Accepted Answer

Adolescents in the formal operations stage, as described by Piaget and further interpreted by Labouvie-Vief, are capable of abstract thinking and can logically deduce consequences from premises. Therefore, they would likely conclude that since the wife stated a clear condition and consequence (if he comes home drunk, she will leave), and the condition was met (he came home drunk), the consequence (she will leave) logically follows.

Question 7

Peng and Nisbett (1999)conducted studies comparing Chinese and American college students.They found that when students were presented with two apparently contradictory propositions,American students tended to ____.

Accepted Answer

According to the study, American students tended to embrace one solution and reject the other when presented with two apparently contradictory propositions. They were less likely to try and reconcile the two propositions or accept both of them. This finding reflects a more black-and-white, either-or type of thinking that is common in individualistic cultures like that of the United States.

Question 8

Which of the following best describes pragmatism?

Accepted Answer

Pragmatism is a philosophical approach that emphasizes practicality and adaptation in solving real-life situations that may contain complexities and inconsistencies. It involves adapting logical thought to fit practical needs, rather than applying rigid logical thinking.

Question 9

Labouvie-Vief (1990)presented a story that described a man who was a heavy drinker.His wife had warned him that if he came home drunk one more time,she would leave him and take the children.At a later time,he went to an office party and came home drunk.Labouvie-Vief asked adolescents what they thought the wife would do.How did the adolescents respond?

Accepted Answer

BAdolescents, due to their developmental stage, tend to see situations in more black-and-white terms, leading to polarized responses. Some would straightforwardly predict the wife would leave based on the clear warning she gave, while others might predict she stayed, possibly due to loyalty or hope for change, reflecting the variability in adolescent reasoning.

Question 10

According to Gisela Labouvie-Vief,cognitive development in emerging adulthood is distinguished from adolescent thinking by ____.

Accepted Answer

Cognitive development in emerging adulthood, as described by Gisela Labouvie-Vief, is marked by a greater recognition and incorporation of practical limitations to logical thinking. This reflects a move towards more pragmatic and realistic thinking, acknowledging the complexities and constraints of real-world situations.

Question 11

Which of the following best describes dualistic thinking?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following best describes dualistic...

Question 12

____ is often seeing situations and issues in polarized terms-an act is either right or wrong,with no in-between; a statement is either true or false,regardless of the nuances or the situation to which it is being applied.

Accepted Answer

This describes dualistic thinking, which is characterized by black-and-white, all-or-nothing thinking with no consideration of gray areas or complexity.

Question 13

____ involves a growing awareness that problems often have no clear solution and two opposing strategies or points of view may each have merit.

Accepted Answer

Dialectical thought involves the recognition that opposing viewpoints may both have valid points and that there may not be a clear or simple solution to a problem. This type of thinking tends to emerge in adolescence and beyond as individuals become more comfortable with complex and nuanced ideas. Hypothetical-deductive reasoning involves forming hypotheses and systematically testing them, egocentric thought involves being self-focused and not considering others' perspectives, and hypothesis testing is a component of scientific inquiry that involves developing and testing predictions.

Question 14

Peng and Nisbett (1999)conducted studies comparing Chinese and American college students.They found that Chinese students were more likely than Americans to prefer ____.

Accepted Answer

Peng and Nisbett (1999) found that Chinese students showed a greater preference for dialectical proverbs containing contradictions, reflecting a cultural tendency towards accepting and embracing contradictions, in contrast to a more linear or non-contradictory approach often found in Western thought.

Question 15

Which of the following best describes pragmatism as a component of postformal operational thought?

Accepted Answer

Pragmatism in postformal operational thought involves recognizing the importance of contextual and situational factors in problem-solving. This includes taking into account social factors and the specifics of a given situation, rather than relying solely on abstract logic or general principles. Option A) focuses on concrete problem-solving skills, but doesn't capture the contextual aspect of pragmatism. Option C) is too broad and absolute, as logic may not be applicable in all situations. Option D) refers to the relationship between internal state and physiology, which is not directly related to pragmatism.

Question 16

Caleb believes that stealing from another is wrong and there is no reason for a person to steal.Even if a person were starving and near death,he or she should not steal food.Which of the following best describes Caleb's cognitive pattern?

Accepted Answer

Caleb's belief represents a black-and-white view of moral values, known as dualistic thinking. In this view, things are either right or wrong, and there is no gray area or exceptions to the rule. Therefore, Caleb's position that stealing is always wrong, regardless of the circumstances, reflects a dualistic cognitive pattern.

Question 17

Jean Piaget proposed that cognitive development reaches full maturity at formal operations; however,contemporary researchers propose that this is not the case,but rather that cognitive maturity extends into ____.

Accepted Answer

Contemporary researchers propose that cognitive maturity extends beyond formal operations into postformal thinking, which involves a more complex and nuanced understanding of abstract ideas and the ability to think about problems in a more flexible and creative way.

Question 18

Two of the most notable aspects of postformal thinking in emerging adulthood are ____.

Accepted Answer

Postformal thinking in emerging adulthood is characterized by pragmatism, which involves taking into account practical considerations and balancing multiple perspectives, and reflective judgment, which involves being aware of the limitations of one's own knowledge and being open to revising beliefs based on new information. Animism and personal fables are characteristic of adolescent thinking, while egocentrism and reality testing are characteristic of earlier stages of cognitive development. Hypothetical and deductive reasoning are aspects of formal operational thinking, which typically emerges in adolescence.

Question 19

Emerging adults tended to be ____ thinkers in the sense that they realized that the problems of real life often involve a great deal of complexity and ambiguity.

Accepted Answer

Postformal thinking is characterized by recognizing the complexity and ambiguity of real-world problems, as well as the limitations of formal logic in solving them. This type of thinking is often seen in emerging adults as they navigate the challenges of adulthood and start to develop a more nuanced understanding of the world. Preformal thinking is more typical of children, while formal thinking is associated with adolescence and early adulthood. Prescripted-formal thinking is not a valid category of cognitive development.

Question 20

____ is the capacity to evaluate the accuracy and logical coherence of evidence and arguments.

Accepted Answer

Reflective judgment is the capacity to evaluate the accuracy and logical coherence of evidence and arguments. Dualistic thinking refers to black and white thinking, Concrete judgment refers to the ability to think logically about concrete objects and Relative-hypothesis testing refers to the ability to consider multiple viewpoints and hypotheses.

Quiz 9: Emerging Adulthood