Question 1

When is the scrotum formed in the male?

Accepted Answer

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Question 2

When do ova and sperm begin to form?

Accepted Answer

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Question 3

Hair begins to grow by the fourth month of fetal development.

Accepted Answer

Studies have shown that hair follicles begin to form on a developing fetus by the fourth month of pregnancy. By the end of the fifth month, scalp hair is visible.

Question 4

Placental peptide hormones cause maternal

Accepted Answer

Placental peptide hormones, such as human placental lactogen and placental growth hormone, cause maternal resistance to insulin by body cells, leading to gestational diabetes in some pregnant women. This is due to the hormones increasing insulin production by the pancreas, but also leading to resistance of the body's cells to the action of insulin.

Question 5

Why does the brain increase the respiration rate and depth during pregnancy?

Accepted Answer

During pregnancy, the brain increases the respiration rate and depth to decrease maternal blood carbon dioxide levels, ensuring efficient gas exchange for both the mother and the developing fetus.

Question 6

Placental estrogen reduces uterine motility during pregnancy.
Placental progesterone reduces uterine motility during pregnancy.

Accepted Answer

Placental estrogen actually increases uterine motility, while placental progesterone is responsible for reducing uterine motility during pregnancy.

Question 7

Maternal blood oxygen levels increase dramatically during the third trimester.
Maternal blood oxygen levels change very little during pregnancy.

Accepted Answer

Maternal blood oxygen levels do not increase dramatically during the third trimester; instead, they remain relatively stable throughout pregnancy, with only slight changes to accommodate increased oxygen demand.

Question 8

What are Braxton Hicks contractions?

Accepted Answer

Braxton Hicks contractions are also known as false-labor contractions. They are irregular contractions that can occur throughout pregnancy, but are usually felt more commonly in the third trimester. They are not considered to be true labor contractions as they do not lead to cervical dilation or effacement.

Question 9

Which of the following is NOT an effect of pregnancy on the mother?

Accepted Answer

Pregnancy actually increases the mother's vital capacity, allowing her to take in more oxygen to support the developing fetus. The other three options are all common effects of pregnancy on the mother.

Question 10

What is a breech birth and why may it necessitate a cesarean section delivery?

Accepted Answer

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Question 11

During stage one of parturition,

Accepted Answer

During stage one of parturition, the cervix dilates. This stage is characterized by contractions, which cause the cervix to soften, thin, and open up in preparation for the delivery of the baby. The first stage can last anywhere from a few hours to several days, depending on the woman and the baby. Once the cervix is fully dilated (10 cm), stage two begins and the baby is delivered. Stage three involves the delivery of the placenta.

Question 12

Placental progesterone reduces the maternal immune response to the fetus.

Accepted Answer

Placental progesterone acts as an immunosuppressive hormone, reducing the maternal immune response to the fetus in order to prevent rejection.

Question 13

Wolffian ducts become the uterine tubes and uterus in the female and regress in the male.
Mullerian ducts become the uterine tubes and uterus in the female and regress in the male.Wolffian ducts become the male ducts.

Accepted Answer

The statement is partially correct but not entirely accurate. While Wolffian ducts do develop into male genital ducts, both Mullerian and Wolffian ducts develop into the genital ducts in embryos of both sexes. The Mullerian ducts differentiate into the female reproductive system in females, while they usually regress in males. Similarly, the Wolffian ducts form the male reproductive system in males, while they usually regress in females.

Question 14

The digestive,respiratory,and urinary systems of the fetus are nonfuctional.

Accepted Answer

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Question 15

What hormones initiate and continue uterine contractions until birth of the baby?

Accepted Answer

Both prostaglandins and oxytocin are responsible for initiating and continuing uterine contractions until the birth of the baby. Prostaglandins ripen the cervix and help initiate contractions, while oxytocin stimulates contractions once they have begun and also plays a role in the delivery of the placenta after birth.

Question 16

Darkening of the areolae and other areas of skin in the pregnant woman is due to increased steroid hormone levels.
Darkening of the areolae and other areas of skin in the pregnant woman is due to increased melanocyte activity.

Accepted Answer

The darkening of the areolae and other areas of skin during pregnancy is primarily due to increased melanocyte activity, which is stimulated by hormonal changes, not directly by increased steroid hormone levels.

Question 17

What is cryptorchidism?

Accepted Answer

Cryptorchidism is a medical condition in which the testicles fail to descend into the scrotum from the abdomen during fetal development, leading to undescended testes.

Question 18

During stage two of parturition,

Accepted Answer

During stage two of parturition, the birth occurs. This is the stage where the baby is actually delivered.

Question 19

During stage three of parturition

Accepted Answer

During stage three of parturition, the placenta is delivered. This stage occurs after the birth of the baby and involves the contraction and separation of the placenta from the uterine wall. It is important for the placenta to be delivered to prevent complications such as hemorrhage or infection.

Quiz 18: Human Development and Birth