Question 1

When conducting an experimental study,scientists manipulate the ________ variable and measure the _____________ variable to see if it is affected.

Accepted Answer

In experimental studies, scientists manipulate the independent variable and measure the dependent variable to see if there is an effect. Therefore, choice B (independent; dependent) is the correct answer.

Question 2

Infographic 4
 
-Refer to Infographic 4.In Warnecke et al.,what is the independent variable? What is the dependent variable? List as many qualities as possible that should be the same between bats in the two groups (control and test groups).Ideally,what should be the only difference between the two groups of bats?

Accepted Answer

The answer of  Infographic 4
 
-Refer to Infographic 4.In...

Question 3

The health and lifestyle of 10,000 nurses are tracked for a period of 30 years.It is discovered that of the nurses who smoked cigarettes for at least 10 years,35% had lung cancer.Is this an observational or an experimental study? Does this study demonstrate that cigarettes cause lung cancer?

Accepted Answer

The answer of The health and lifestyle of 10,000 nurses...

Question 4

What is TRUE about establishing environmental policy?

Accepted Answer

Environmental issues are complex and constantly evolving. Therefore, policies must be flexible and able to adapt to new information and findings. This is essential to ensure that policies remain effective and relevant over time. The other options are not true. Establishing good environmental policy is challenging and requires careful consideration of many different factors, including varying perspectives and interests among stakeholders. Waiting for all the data before making a policy decision may result in missed opportunities to address an issue, especially when there is urgency to act. Policies cannot address only the environmental problem, as they may have social and economic implications. Finally, stakeholders may have different opinions on how to deal with an environmental issue, so finding common ground may not always be easy.

Question 5

The group in an experimental study that is manipulated such that it differs from the control group in only one way is the _________ group.

Accepted Answer

The test group is the group that receives the experimental manipulation, allowing for a comparison to the control group, which does not receive the manipulation. This way, any differences observed between the two groups can be attributed to the manipulation. The other options (confirmation, validation, placebo, independent) do not accurately describe the group that is manipulated in an experimental study.

Question 6

What is a correlation?

Accepted Answer

Correlation refers to a statistical relationship between two variables where they move together in some way, but this movement does not imply that one variable causes the change in the other.

Question 7

What type of studies can provide correlations?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What type of studies can provide correlations?
...

Question 8

Infographic 4
 
-Refer to Infographic 4.In the observational study ( Reeder et al.),explain why the bat condition is the independent variable and the mean torpor length is the dependent variable.

Accepted Answer

The answer of  Infographic 4
 
-Refer to Infographic 4.In...

Question 9

When it rains,you often notice people outside holding open umbrellas.You hypothesize that opening an umbrella causes rain to fall.What type of experiment can be used to test this? Explain what is meant by the phrase "correlation is not causation."

Accepted Answer

The answer of When it rains,you often notice people outside...

Question 10

Explain how scientists use probability to apply a level of certainty to their conclusions.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Explain how scientists use probability to apply...

Question 11

In Warnecke's experimental study,fewer individual bats exposed to WNS fungus survived than did bats not exposed.This is an example of a(n)_____________.

Accepted Answer

The fact that bats exposed to WNS fungus had a lower survival rate suggests there is a causal relationship between exposure to the fungus and bat mortality. This is not just a correlation because the experiment was designed to isolate the effect of the fungus on bat survival.

Question 12

What is a correlation,and how does it differ from a cause-and-effect relationship? Give an example of each and note what type of study can provide that information.

Accepted Answer

The answer of What is a correlation,and how does it...

Question 13

In an experiment examining the effect of the Pd fungus on the torpor of bats,the presence of Pd fungus would be the _____________ variable.

Accepted Answer

The presence of the Pd fungus is the variable being intentionally manipulated by the researcher, making it the independent variable. The dependent variable would be the torpor of the bats, which is being measured in response to the presence of the fungus. The control variable would be a group of bats that are not exposed to the fungus for comparison, and extraneous variables would be any other factors that may unintentionally affect the results.

Question 14

What type of evidence shows that smoking causes lung cancer in humans?

Accepted Answer

Correlational evidence shows a relationship between smoking and lung cancer, indicating that as smoking rates increase, so do lung cancer rates, but it does not prove direct causation.

Question 15

Explain the function of a control group in an experimental study.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Explain the function of a control group...

Question 16

A formalized plan that addresses a desired outcome of goal is a(n)___________.

Accepted Answer

A policy is a formalized plan that outlines the desired outcome or goal to be achieved. It provides guidance on how to accomplish the goal and sets parameters and rules for decision-making and action. Treaties are formal agreements between countries, laws are rules established by the government, and correlation refers to the relationship between two variables. Outcome refers to the end result of a process or action and is not a formalized plan.

Question 17

Tests of significance help to determine if an event was due to chance or something else.The probability value is expressed as a p-value.What does it mean to have a p-value equal to 0.05?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Tests of significance help to determine if...

Question 18

Policies should address the triple bottom line-that is,they should ___________.

Accepted Answer

The triple bottom line is a framework that considers social, environmental, and economic factors in decision-making. Therefore, policies should address environmental problems, fit societal needs, and be economically viable to fully consider the triple bottom line. Choice A is incorrect as economic considerations should also be addressed. Choice C is incorrect as excluding economic considerations would not fulfill the triple bottom line framework. Choice D is incorrect as the environment should be considered equally with social and economic needs. Choice E is incorrect as policies should be evidence-based and not rely solely on beliefs.

Question 19

Infographic 4
 
-Refer to Infographic 4.Which study depicted in the infographic provides stronger support for the stated hypothesis? Briefly explain why.

Accepted Answer

The answer of  Infographic 4
 
-Refer to Infographic 4.Which...

Question 20

In terms of manipulating variables,what is the difference between an observational study and an experimental study? Which type of study can test cause-and-effect relationships?

Accepted Answer

The answer of In terms of manipulating variables,what is the...

Quiz 2: Science Literacy and the Process of Science Fungal Attacker Threatens North American Bats

When conducting an experimental study,scientists manipulate the variable and measure the _____ variable to see if it is affected.