According to the characterization of innovations by Professor Clayton Christensen,the rise of the smartphone was ________ innovation rather than ________ innovation.

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Harvard Business School Professor Clayton M. Christensen identified another useful approach to characterize types of innovations. Christensen draws a distinction between sustaining and disruptive innovations. Sustaining innovations are those that extend sales in an existing market, usually by enabling new products or services to be sold at higher margins. Such innovations may include either incremental or radical innovations. For example, smartphone technology was a breakthrough innovation that transformed how people access the Internet. But rather than disrupting the business of Google and Facebook, the rise of the smartphone offered these service providers new opportunities to extend their reach into user lives.

According to the Characterization of Innovations by Professor Clayton Christensen,the