Question 1

______ is the measurable aspect of a person's increase in physical dimensions.
A) Growth
B) Development
C) Maturation
D) The latency stage of development

Accepted Answer

Growth is the measurable aspect of a person's increase in physical dimensions.Measurable growth indicators include changes in height,weight,teeth and bone,and sexual characteristics.Development is an interaction of biological,sociological and psychological forces.It occurs gradually and refers to changes in skill and capacity to function.These changes are qualitative in nature and difficult to measure in exact units.Maturation is the biological plan for the predictable milestones for growth and development.Physical growth and motor development are a function of maturation.The latency stage of development is part of Freud's psychoanalytic model of personality development.In the latency stage,Freud believed that the sexual urges from the earlier phallic stage are repressed and channeled into productive activities that are socially acceptable.

Question 2

The mother of an 8-year-old girl has brought her daughter to the health clinic for her annual check-up.She is concerned about the high blood pressure in her family and asks the nurse if there is some way to know if the child is at risk for hypertension.What is the nurse's best response?
A) "Blood pressure elevation in childhood is the single best predictor of adult hypertension."
B) "Well let's take her blood pressure and see if it's up. If it is, she has hypertension."
C) "She looks pretty plump to me, and that indicates good health. As long as she's eating, she should be OK."
D) "If you think that she's gaining weight, put her on an exercise program, but wait until she's in her teens."

Accepted Answer

Blood pressure elevation in childhood is the single best predictor of adult hypertension.This recognition has reinforced the significance of making blood pressure measurement a part of every annual assessment of the child.Measure on at least three separate occasions with the appropriate-size cuff and in a relaxed situation before concluding that the child's blood pressure is elevated and needs further medical attention.Childhood obesity is a prominent health problem,which increases the child's risk for hypertension,diabetes,coronary artery disease,and other chronic health problems.Daily exercise and maintaining normal body weight are important as both interventions and prevention even while in the preteen years.

Question 3

The mother of a toddler is concerned that her son is not eating enough,although he has not lost any weight.She tells the nurse that her son used to have a very good appetite,but now does not eat as much as he did a couple of months ago.What is the best response for the nurse to provide?
A) "You need to make him eat. At this stage, he is growing too fast to not eat."
B) "I could show you a growth chart, but each child is different so it doesn't mean much."
C) "Toddlers have periods when they aren't growing as fast and they don't need to eat as much."
D) "Make him eat with a spoon and don't feed him snacks. He will be hungrier at meal time."

Accepted Answer

Slower growth rates often occur with a decrease in caloric needs and a smaller food intake.Confirming the child's pattern of growth with standard growth charts is reassuring to parents concerned about their toddler's decreased appetite (physiological anorexia).Encourage parents to offer a variety of nutritious foods,in reasonable servings,for mealtime and snacks.Finger foods allow the toddler to be independent.

Question 4

According to one growth and development theorist,individuals need to accomplish a particular task before successfully completing the stage of growth and development.Each task is framed with opposing conflicts,such as trust versus mistrust.Who developed this theory?
A) Sigmund Freud
B) Jean Piaget
C) Erik Erikson
D) Lawrence Kohlberg

Accepted Answer

Erik Erikson divided life into eight stages,known as Erikson's eight stages of development.According to this theory,individuals need to accomplish a particular task before successfully completing each stage.Each task is framed with opposing conflicts,such as trust versus mistrust.Each stage builds upon the successful attainment of the previous developmental conflict.Freud's psychoanalytic model of personality development is grounded in the belief that two internal biological forces drive the psychological change in a child: sexual (libido)and instinctive forces.Each of the five stages is associated with a pleasurable zone,serving as the focus of gratification.Jean Piaget (1896-1980)developed the theory of cognitive development,which describes children's intellectual organization and how they think,reason,and perceive the world.The theory includes four periods: sensorimotor,preoperational,concrete operations and formal operations.Lawrence Kohlberg (1927-1987)expanded on Piaget's work.According to Kohlberg (1964),moral development is one component of psychosocial development.It involves the reasons an individual makes a decision about right and wrong behaviors within a culture.

Question 5

A specific phase or period when the presence of a function or reasoning has its greatest effect on a specific aspect of development is referred to as:
A) Freud's psychoanalytic model of personality.
B) a critical period of development.
C) Erikson's stages of development.
D) Piaget's theory of cognitive development.

Accepted Answer

A critical period of development refers to a specific phase or period when the presence of a function or reasoning has its greatest effect on a specific aspect of development.For example,if a child does not walk by 20 months,there is delayed gross motor ability,which slows exploration and manipulation of the environment.Freud's psychoanalytic model of personality development is grounded in the belief that two internal biological forces drive the psychological change in a child: sexual (libido)and instinctive forces.Erik Erikson (1902-1994)expanded Freud's psychoanalytic stages into a psychosocial model that covered the whole life span.In this theory,Erikson divided life into eight stages,known as Erikson's eight stages of development.Jean Piaget (1896-1980)developed the theory of cognitive development,which describes children's intellectual organization and how they think,reason,and perceive the world.

Question 6

Which of the following people developed the theory of cognitive development that describes children's intellectual organization and how they think,reason,and perceive the world?
A) Sigmund Freud
B) Jean Piaget
C) Erik Erikson
D) Lawrence Kohlberg

Accepted Answer

Jean Piaget (1896-1980)developed the theory of cognitive development,which describes children's intellectual organization and how they think,reason,and perceive the world.Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)provided the first formal structured theory of personality development.Freud's psychoanalytic model of personality development is grounded in the belief that two internal biological forces drive the psychological change in a child: sexual (libido)and aggressive energies.Erik Erikson divided life into eight stages,known as Erikson's eight stages of development.According to this theory,individuals need to accomplish a particular task before successfully completing each stage.Each task is framed with opposing conflicts,such as trust versus mistrust.Each stage builds upon the successful attainment of the previous developmental conflict.Lawrence Kohlberg (1927-1987)expanded on Piaget's work.According to Kohlberg (1964),moral development is one component of psychosocial development.It involves the reasons an individual makes a decision about right and wrong behaviors within a culture.

Question 7

This model of personality development is grounded in the belief that two internal biological forces drive the psychological change in a child: sexual (libido)and aggressive energies.Who is responsible for developing this theory?
A) Sigmund Freud
B) Jean Piaget
C) Erik Erikson
D) Lawrence Kohlberg

Accepted Answer

Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)provided the first formal structured theory of personality development.Freud's psychoanalytic model of personality development is grounded in the belief that two internal biological forces drive the psychological change in a child: sexual (libido)and aggressive energies.Jean Piaget (1896-1980)developed the theory of cognitive development,which describes children's intellectual organization and how they think,reason,and perceive the world.The theory includes four periods: sensorimotor,preoperational,concrete operations,and formal operations.Erik Erikson divided life into eight stages,known as Erikson's eight stages of development.According to this theory,individuals need to accomplish a particular task before successfully completing each stage.Each task is framed with opposing conflicts,such as trust versus mistrust.Each stage builds upon the successful attainment of the previous developmental conflict.Lawrence Kohlberg (1927-1987)expanded on Piaget's work.According to Kohlberg (1964),moral development is one component of psychosocial development.It involves the reasons an individual makes a decision about right and wrong behaviors within a culture.

Question 8

A patient is experiencing incisional pain after an operation.When using Maslow's hierarchy of needs,the nurse realizes that for the patient to return to a prehospitalized status,the patient needs to progress beyond which of the following?
A) Belonging
B) Self-esteem
C) Self-actualization
D) Safety and security

Accepted Answer

Maslow described an ordering (hierarchy)of needs that motivate human behavior.This ordering is often depicted as a pyramid composed of five levels.When the most basic needs,such as hunger and oxygen,are met,the person strives to satisfy those needs for safety and security on the next highest level.Disturbances at lower levels interfere with the highest level,self-actualization or the realization of one's potential.Individuals need to satisfy each level before moving on to the next.Belonging occupies the third stage,where threats to relationships create anticipatory loneliness and alienation.Self-esteem occupies the fourth stage,and threats create alienation.Self-actualization is the highest level that one can achieve-the realization that one has reached his or her highest potential.Safety and security occupies the second stage,and threats to security (such as pain)produce feelings of insecurity.

Question 9

______ is an interaction of biological,sociological,and psychological forces.
A) Growth
B) Development
C) Maturation
D) The latency stage of development

Accepted Answer

Development is an interaction of biological,sociological,and psychological forces.It occurs gradually and refers to changes in skill and capacity to function.These changes are qualitative in nature and difficult to measure in exact units.Growth is the measurable aspect of a person's increase in physical dimensions.Measurable growth indicators include changes in height,weight,teeth and bone,and sexual characteristics.Maturation is the biological plan for the predictable milestones for growth and development.Physical growth and motor development are a function of maturation.The latency stage of development is part of Freud's psychoanalytic model of personality development.In the latency stage,Freud believed that the sexual urges from the earlier phallic stage are repressed and channeled into productive activities that are socially acceptable.

Question 10

The nurse is caring for an older adult who seems depressed and states that "I hate going to Bingo.I'd really like to get back in shape.Maybe if I could join a health club,I could get back to feeling like myself." The nurse should do which of the following?
A) Inform the patient that at his age it's probably not a good idea to join a health club.
B) Recommend that the patient have a complete physical examination.
C) Explain that physical impairments would prevent any worthwhile exercising.
D) Tell the patient that at his age he would probably hurt himself.

Accepted Answer

It is not too late for an older person to begin an exercise program; however,older adults need to have a complete physical examination,which usually includes a stress cardiogram or stress test.Assessment of activity tolerance will help you and the patient plan a program that meets physical needs while allowing for physical impairments.Most older adults are capable of taking charge of their lives and assume responsibility for preventing disability.

Question 11

A student nurse is in her community health clinical rotation.She is visiting a family with a new baby.Which of the following statements made by the mother of a 1-month-old infant indicates the need for client education?
A) "My baby should double his birth weight by the time he is 6 months old."
B) "I shouldn't give my baby any cow's milk until he is at least a year old."
C) "My baby has been fussy lately; I believe he is probably cutting his teeth."
D) "I shouldn't put my baby on a fluffy pillow to sleep."

Accepted Answer

The first tooth to erupt is usually one of the lower central incisors at the average age of 7 months.Most babies have six teeth by their first birthday.Typically infants double their birth weight by 5 to 6 months and triple it by 12 months.Infants should not have any type of cow's milk during the first year because the high protein content may increase the chance of food allergies.The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends infants not sleep with a blanket until they are a year old.

Question 12

An 11-year-old boy is being seen at the clinic for his annual check-up.As part of anticipatory guidance,the nurse instructs the boy's father that accidents and injuries are major health problems affecting school-age children and that the number one cause of death is in this age group is which of the following?
A) Drowning
B) Motor vehicle accidents
C) Fire
D) Firearms

Accepted Answer

Accidents and injuries are major health problems affecting school-age children and are the causative factor in a large number of deaths in this age group.Motor vehicle accidents,followed by drowning,fires,burns,and firearms are the most frequent fatal accidents.

Question 13

A pregnant teenager asks the clinic nurse why she cannot smoke during the first trimester.Remembering growth and development,what is the nurse's best response?
A) "Smoking is a bad habit, but it probably won't affect the baby."
B) "Smoking may affect organ systems that are beginning to develop."
C) "Smoking will only affect the baby in the third trimester."
D) "Smoking mothers usually produce overweight babies"

Accepted Answer

Teratogens are chemical or physiological agents capable of having adverse effects on the fetus.Exposure to potential teratogens can affect fetal development during any of the trimesters; however,vulnerability is increased during the first trimester when fetal cells are differentiating and organs are forming.In addition,there is evidence that mothers who smoke deliver infants with lower birth weights than nonsmoking mothers.

Question 14

A nurse is caring for a 5-year-old child who is hospitalized for stabilization of asthma.To provide age-specific care,which of the following is the most appropriate action by the nurse?
A) Allow the child to handle medical equipment.
B) Have a parental presence at all times.
C) Have the child lie flat and still during procedures.
D) Tell the child as little as possible about expectations and care.

Accepted Answer

These strategies can be used to reduce preschoolers' fears when they are hospitalized: allowing children to sit up when performing assessments and procedures; allowing the child to see and handle equipment; allowing the child to assist with the procedure if appropriate; giving simple and factual information to these children because they have a great sense of imagination.Although preschoolers have developed object permanence and recognize their parents still exist when out of sight,most tolerate only short absences without becoming distressed.Encourage parents to tell the child when they are leaving and when they will return in terms the child can understand (e.g.,"I am leaving and will be back after lunch.").

Question 15

Preconception counseling is a growing trend in health care with the goal being to secure the best outcome for mother,fetus,and significant others through good prenatal care and teaching that:
A) teratogens can affect fetal development during any trimester.
B) the placenta prevents teratogens from passing to the fetus.
C) teratogens are all man-made, preventable, and do not include viruses or bacteria.
D) smoking has been shown to have no effect on fetal development.

Accepted Answer

Teratogens are chemical or physiological agents capable of having adverse effects on the fetus.Exposure to potential teratogens can affect fetal development during any of the trimesters; however,vulnerability is increased during the first trimester when fetal cells are differentiating and organs are forming.Because the placenta is extremely porous,teratogens pass easily from mother to fetus.Some examples of teratogens are viruses,drugs (prescribed,over-the-counter,and street drugs),alcohol,and environmental pollutants,such as lead.The fetal effect of these harmful agents depends on the developmental stage in which exposure takes place.In addition,there is evidence that mothers who smoke deliver infants with lower birth weights than nonsmoking mothers.

Question 16

A recent graduate nurse has been assigned to be a primary nurse on a geriatric unit.After completing a review of development and aging,the nurse recalls that changes during the climacteric signify which of the following?
A) A characteristic of young adulthood
B) The increased reproductive ability of the older adult
C) A time of significant change in cognitive performance in middle age
D) A decline of reproductive capacity caused by a decrease in sexual hormones

Accepted Answer

Climacteric is a term used to describe the decline of reproductive capacity and accompanying changes brought about by the decrease in sexual hormones.This affects men and women differently.Men begin to experience decreased fertility,but they are able to continue to father children.Menopause,when a woman stops ovulating and menstruating,occurs only when 12 months have passed since the last menstrual flow.Climacteric is a characteristic of middle adulthood usually referring to those years between 40 and 65.Changes in the cognitive function of middle-age adults are few except during illness or trauma.

Question 17

The transition from childhood to adulthood,in terms of the psychological maturation of the individual,is known as which of the following?
A) Puberty
B) Adolescence
C) Menarche
D) Preadolescence

Accepted Answer

The term adolescence refers to the psychological maturation of the individual,whereas puberty refers to the point at which reproduction is possible.Menarche refers to the onset of menstruation.The transitional period between childhood and adolescence is preadolescence.Others refer to this period as late childhood,early adolescence,pubescence,and transescence.

Question 18

A student nurse who works in a pediatric clinic is assisting with an assessment on a young child who is not yet walking.She knows that it is considered a delayed gross motor ability if the child does not walk by _____ months.
A) 16
B) 18
C) 20
D) 22

Accepted Answer

A critical period of development refers to a specific phase or period when the presence of a function or reasoning has its greatest effect on a specific aspect of development.For example,if a child does not walk by the age of 20 months,there is delayed gross motor ability,which slows exploration and manipulation of the environment.The success or failure experienced within a phase affects the child's ability to complete the next phases.

Question 19

The nurse is providing prenatal education to a patient whose pregnancy has been confirmed.This is the patient's first pregnancy and she is in her first trimester.The nurse instructs the patient that she should stop smoking,avoid alcohol,and avoid eating king mackerel because of the high mercury content in the fish.Although this advice should be followed during the entire pregnancy,the fetus is most vulnerable to adverse effects in the _____ trimester.
A) first
B) second
C) third
D) final

Accepted Answer

Exposure to potential teratogens can affect fetal development during any of the trimesters; however,vulnerability is increased during the first trimester when fetal cells are differentiating and organs are forming.

Question 20

According to one theorist,moral development depends on the child's ability to accept social responsibility and to integrate personal principles of justice and fairness.Which of the following individuals is responsible for the theory of moral development?
A) Sigmund Freud
B) Jean Piaget
C) Erik Erikson
D) Lawrence Kohlberg

Accepted Answer

According to Kohlberg (1964),moral development is one component of psychosocial development.It involves the reasons an individual makes a decision about right and wrong behaviors within a culture.Moral development depends on the child's ability to accept social responsibility and to integrate personal principles of justice and fairness.Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)provided the first formal structured theory of personality development.Freud's psychoanalytic model of personality development is grounded in the belief that two internal biological forces drive the psychological change in a child: sexual (libido)and aggressive energies.Jean Piaget (1896-1980)developed the theory of cognitive development,which describes children's intellectual organization and how they think,reason,and perceive the world.Erik Erikson divided life into eight stages,known as Erikson's eight stages of development.According to this theory,individuals need to accomplish a particular task before successfully completing each stage.Each task is framed with opposing conflicts,such as trust versus mistrust.Each stage builds upon the successful attainment of the previous developmental conflict.Lawrence Kohlberg (1927-1987)expanded on Piaget's work.

Quiz 22: Growth and Development

______ is the measurable aspect of a person's increase in physical dimensions.

The mother of an 8-year-old girl has brought her daughter to the health clinic for her annual check-up.She is concerned about the high blood pressure in her family and asks the nurse if there is some way to know if the child is at risk for hypertension.What is the nurse's best response?

The mother of a toddler is concerned that her son is not eating enough,although he has not lost any weight.She tells the nurse that her son used to have a very good appetite,but now does not eat as much as he did a couple of months ago.What is the best response for the nurse to provide?

According to one growth and development theorist,individuals need to accomplish a particular task before successfully completing the stage of growth and development.Each task is framed with opposing conflicts,such as trust versus mistrust.Who developed this theory?

A specific phase or period when the presence of a function or reasoning has its greatest effect on a specific aspect of development is referred to as:

Which of the following people developed the theory of cognitive development that describes children's intellectual organization and how they think,reason,and perceive the world?

This model of personality development is grounded in the belief that two internal biological forces drive the psychological change in a child: sexual (libido) and aggressive energies.Who is responsible for developing this theory?

A patient is experiencing incisional pain after an operation.When using Maslow's hierarchy of needs,the nurse realizes that for the patient to return to a prehospitalized status,the patient needs to progress beyond which of the following?

______ is an interaction of biological,sociological,and psychological forces.

The nurse is caring for an older adult who seems depressed and states that "I hate going to Bingo.I'd really like to get back in shape.Maybe if I could join a health club,I could get back to feeling like myself." The nurse should do which of the following?

A student nurse is in her community health clinical rotation.She is visiting a family with a new baby.Which of the following statements made by the mother of a 1-month-old infant indicates the need for client education?

A pregnant teenager asks the clinic nurse why she cannot smoke during the first trimester.Remembering growth and development,what is the nurse's best response?

A nurse is caring for a 5-year-old child who is hospitalized for stabilization of asthma.To provide age-specific care,which of the following is the most appropriate action by the nurse?

Preconception counseling is a growing trend in health care with the goal being to secure the best outcome for mother,fetus,and significant others through good prenatal care and teaching that:

A recent graduate nurse has been assigned to be a primary nurse on a geriatric unit.After completing a review of development and aging,the nurse recalls that changes during the climacteric signify which of the following?

The transition from childhood to adulthood,in terms of the psychological maturation of the individual,is known as which of the following?

A student nurse who works in a pediatric clinic is assisting with an assessment on a young child who is not yet walking.She knows that it is considered a delayed gross motor ability if the child does not walk by _____ months.

According to one theorist,moral development depends on the child's ability to accept social responsibility and to integrate personal principles of justice and fairness.Which of the following individuals is responsible for the theory of moral development?