Which of the following have been implicated in the origin of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD)?
1) Oxygen toxicity
2) Malnutrition
3) Mechanical ventilation

Question

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Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is a chronic lung disease that affects newborns, particularly those who are premature. Its development is multifactorial, with oxygen toxicity, malnutrition, and mechanical ventilation all implicated in its pathogenesis. Oxygen toxicity can damage the delicate lung tissues of premature infants, mechanical ventilation can cause physical injury to the lungs through barotrauma and volutrauma, and malnutrition can impair lung growth and repair.

Which of the Following Have Been Implicated in the Origin