Question 1

Accounts positing independent nonoverlapping stages of processing are referred to as __________.
A)protocol models
B)stage models
C)parallel processing models
D)conceptually driven processing models

Accepted Answer

Stage models posit that cognitive processing occurs in distinct and independent stages, with each stage having a specific function or process. Protocol models refer to detailed sequences of processing steps, parallel processing models suggest that multiple processes occur simultaneously, and conceptually driven processing models emphasize the role of top-down processing and conceptual knowledge in cognitive processing.

Question 2

The essence of Chomsky's review of Skinner's Verbal Behavior book was that __________.
A)Skinner failed to supply an adequate computer model of verbal learning
B)Skinner relied too heavily on animal models
C)Skinner failed to consider the role of attention
D)Skinner's work was a mere terminological revision,in which terms borrowed from the laboratory were used in the full vagueness of their ordinary usage

Accepted Answer

Chomsky's review of Skinner's Verbal Behavior book emphasized that Skinner's work was merely a terminological revision, in which terms borrowed from the laboratory were used in the full vagueness of their ordinary usage. Chomsky also argued that Skinner failed to provide an adequate computer model of verbal learning and did not adequately consider the role of innate language abilities. Chomsky did not specifically criticize Skinner for relying too heavily on animal models or failing to consider the role of attention.

Question 3

The Atkinson & Shiffrin model provides a useful summary of overall cognitive function.Their model is normally referred to as __________.
A)the standard model
B)a connectionist model
C)a process model
D)a channel capacity model

Accepted Answer

The Atkinson & Shiffrin model is commonly known as the "standard model" or "modal model" of memory, which describes memory in terms of three stores: sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.

Question 4

What type of information is useful in identifying instances in which a person has distorted memory?
A)intrusions rather than accuracy
B)strictly accuracy
C)skewed response times
D)formative interference

Accepted Answer

In identifying instances of distorted memory, it is useful to look for instances of intrusions or errors in recall rather than strictly accuracy. This is because individuals with distorted memory may falsely remember events or details that did not actually occur, leading to these intrusions. Skewed response times and formative interference may not necessarily be indicative of distortion in memory.

Question 5

The sentence "I do not have to attend to what the cat will eat tomorrow" includes ten occurrences of the letter T.The Radvansky and Ashcraft text argues that people's difficulties in finding all of the Ts reflects __________.
A)channel capacity
B)a failure to read the textbook
C)top-down processing
D)connectionist modeling

Accepted Answer

The difficulties in finding all the Ts reflect the impact of top-down processing, which involves interpreting information based on previous knowledge, expectations, and beliefs. In this case, readers' familiarity with the pattern "to + verb" likely led them to overlook some of the Ts in the sentence because their attention was selectively focused on the relevant content words.

Question 6

A lexical decision task is __________.
A)a process model
B)a connectionist model
C)a word decision task
D)a priming task

Accepted Answer

A lexical decision task is a type of experimental task in which a participant is presented with a string of letters or letter-like symbols and is required to determine as quickly and accurately as possible whether the string of characters is a real word or not. Thus, a lexical decision task involves making a decision about whether a presented string of characters is a word or not. Hence, the best choice is C - a word decision task.

Question 7

Which of the following is a central analogy of cognitive psychology?
A)the flowchart
B)the building blocks underlying the structure of the brain
C)the whole is greater than the sum of the parts: the importance of context.
D)the digital computer

Accepted Answer

The central analogy of cognitive psychology is the digital computer, which uses information processing as a way of understanding how the brain works. Like a computer, the brain takes in information, processes it, and produces an output. This analogy has been used to develop theories and models for cognitive processes such as attention, memory, and problem-solving.

Question 8

What is a way of making a theory more explicit about how cognition proceeds during a task?
A)Create a process model.
B)Deconstruct a simulation.
C)Formulate a mathematical inference machine.
D)Establish a protocol.

Accepted Answer

Creating a process model involves breaking down a task into smaller steps and specifying the cognitive processes involved in each step. This provides a more detailed and explicit account of how cognition proceeds during a task compared to the other options listed.

Question 9

How many milliseconds in a second?
A)1/100th
B)10
C)100
D)1000

Accepted Answer

There are 1000 milliseconds in a second.

Question 10

In response to a difficult question,a person is likely to respond more slowly than if an easy question had been asked.In terms of the overall response times,the difficult question would yield __________.
A)response times with lower numbers
B)response times with higher numbers
C)response times would not differ
D)not enough information has been provided

Accepted Answer

The statement in the question stem implies that response times for difficult questions are longer than response times for easy questions. Therefore, the difficult question would result in higher response times.

Question 11

The act of taking in information and converting it to a usable mental form is __________.
A)STM
B)connectionism
C)retrieval
D)encoding

Accepted Answer

Encoding refers to the process of transforming information into a form that can be stored in memory. It involves converting sensory input into a meaningful memory representation.

Question 12

__________ wrote a review of Skinner's Verbal Behavior.This review clearly illustrated the shortcomings of the behaviorist account of language.
A)Descartes
B)James
C)Watson
D)Chomsky

Accepted Answer

Noam Chomsky wrote a review of Skinner's Verbal Behavior in which he argued against Skinner's behaviorist account of language acquisition. Chomsky's review is widely regarded as a foundational critique of behaviorism in the field of linguistics.

Question 13

In response to an easy question,a person is likely to answer quicker than if a hard question was asked.With a sufficiently powerful experiment,it is likely that a statistical analysis would reveal that __________.
A)response times would be lower for difficult questions than for easy questions
B)response times would be higher for difficult questions than for easy questions
C)response times would not differ for easy and difficult questions
D)not enough information has been provided

Accepted Answer

Based on the given information, it is stated that the person is likely to answer quicker for an easy question than for a hard question. Therefore, it can be inferred that response times would be higher for difficult questions than for easy questions. Hence, option B is the correct answer.

Question 14

The cognitive manifesto is associated with __________.
A)Thorndike
B)Chomsky
C)Sperling
D)Bartlett

Accepted Answer

The answer of The cognitive manifesto is associated with __________.
A)Thorndike
B)Chomsky
C)Sperling
D)Bartlett...

Question 15

Which of the following is NOT an assumption of a strict serial processing approach?
A)independent and nonoverlapping stages
B)sequential stages of processing
C)Response times indicate processing duration.
D)parallel processing

Accepted Answer

The assumption of parallel processing contradicts the concept of a strict serial processing approach, where each stage is completed before the next stage is initiated. Therefore, option D is not an assumption of a strict serial processing approach.

Question 16

The word frequency effect illustrates __________.
A)serial exhaustive processing of the memory set
B)congruency effects
C)the fact that common words produce larger response times
D)the fact that common words produce smaller response times

Accepted Answer

The word frequency effect refers to the finding that common words are processed more easily and quickly than less common words, resulting in shorter response times. Therefore, the correct choice is D, which states that common words produce smaller response times.

Question 17

Which of the following is NOT part of the "standard theory"?
A)long-term memory
B)sensory register
C)STM/working memory
D)explicit memory

Accepted Answer

The "standard theory" includes three main components: sensory register, STM/working memory, and long-term memory. Explicit memory is a type of long-term memory, so it is part of the standard theory. Therefore, the correct answer is D.

Question 18

In cognition,STM almost always refers to __________.
A)sensory terminal memory
B)short-term memory
C)salience to me
D)standard theory of memory

Accepted Answer

STM stands for short-term memory, which refers to the limited capacity memory system that temporarily holds information for immediate use. Choice A is incorrect because sensory memory is a separate type of memory that briefly holds sensory information. Choice C is not related to memory and choice D does not refer to a specific type of memory.

Question 19

Which of the following is a common analogy used by cognitive psychologists to describe or characterize how people think?
A)attention
B)digital computer
C)context
D)structuralist perspective

Accepted Answer

The analogy commonly used by cognitive psychologists to describe or characterize how people think is the digital computer. The human mind is compared to a computer that processes information through various stages of encoding, storage, and retrieval. This analogy suggests that cognitive processes can be understood in terms of information-processing theories that model the human mind as a computer.

Question 20

What is a good means of assessing how much a person remembers from something they read earlier?
A)response time
B)accuracy
C)verbal reports
D)content analysis

Accepted Answer

Accuracy is the best means of assessing how much a person remembers from something they read earlier. This can be done by asking them specific questions about the material or having them complete a recall task. Response time and verbal reports may not accurately reflect memory retention, and content analysis may not be feasible for assessing memory of individuals.

Quiz 1: Cognitive Psychology: An Introduction

Accounts positing independent nonoverlapping stages of processing are referred to as __________.

The essence of Chomsky's review of Skinner's Verbal Behavior book was that __________.

The Atkinson & Shiffrin model provides a useful summary of overall cognitive function.Their model is normally referred to as __________.

What type of information is useful in identifying instances in which a person has distorted memory?

The sentence "I do not have to attend to what the cat will eat tomorrow" includes ten occurrences of the letter T.The Radvansky and Ashcraft text argues that people's difficulties in finding all of the Ts reflects __________.

A lexical decision task is __________.

Which of the following is a central analogy of cognitive psychology?

What is a way of making a theory more explicit about how cognition proceeds during a task?

How many milliseconds in a second?

In response to a difficult question,a person is likely to respond more slowly than if an easy question had been asked.In terms of the overall response times,the difficult question would yield __________.

The act of taking in information and converting it to a usable mental form is __________.

__________ wrote a review of Skinner's Verbal Behavior.This review clearly illustrated the shortcomings of the behaviorist account of language.

In response to an easy question,a person is likely to answer quicker than if a hard question was asked.With a sufficiently powerful experiment,it is likely that a statistical analysis would reveal that __________.

The cognitive manifesto is associated with __________.

Which of the following is NOT an assumption of a strict serial processing approach?

The word frequency effect illustrates __________.

Which of the following is NOT part of the "standard theory"?

In cognition,STM almost always refers to __________.

Which of the following is a common analogy used by cognitive psychologists to describe or characterize how people think?

What is a good means of assessing how much a person remembers from something they read earlier?