Question 1

__________ refers to the differential treatment of individuals considered to belong to a particular social group.

Accepted Answer

Discrimination refers to the differential treatment of individuals based on their membership to a particular social group, such as race, gender, or religion. Prejudice refers to negative feelings or attitudes towards a particular group, while behavior and attitudes are more general terms that do not necessarily imply differential treatment. Attractions are also a more general concept and not directly related to differential treatment based on social group membership.

Question 2

In essence,frustration-aggression involves __________.

Accepted Answer

Frustration-aggression theory proposes that frustration can lead to aggression, but when the source of frustration is unavailable or too powerful to be directly targeted for aggression, individuals may displace their aggression onto a safer or weaker target. Thus, option D- displacing aggression toward a safer target, is the best choice. Options A and E are specific examples of aggression and do not encompass the full definition of the theory. Option B refers to the idea of frustration leading to prejudice but not necessarily aggression. Option C does not accurately reflect the theory as dominance is not necessarily a factor in the selection of targets for aggression in frustration-aggression.

Question 3

Which of the following are the most obvious forms of economic exploitation of subordinate groups by dominant groups?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following are the most...

Question 4

__________ is the requirement that one must marry a person similar to oneself in religion,social class,and race or ethnicity.

Accepted Answer

The requirement that one must marry a person similar to oneself in religion, social class, and race or ethnicity is called homogamy. Endogamy refers to marrying within one's own cultural or religious group, polygamy is the practice of having multiple spouses, exogamy involves marrying outside of one's cultural or social group, and polyandry is the practice of having multiple husbands.

Question 5

The builder of a cooperative apartment house may not be negatively predisposed toward Jews,but nevertheless may refuse to sell to a Jewish family in the belief that doing so may make it difficult to rent the other apartments.In Robert Merton's typology of the relationships between prejudice and discrimination,this builder would be a __________.

Accepted Answer

This builder is a nonprejudiced discriminator because they do not hold personal negative predispositions toward Jews but choose to discriminate based on the belief that selling to a Jewish family might affect their business negatively.

Question 6

Prejudice is to attitudes as discrimination is to __________.

Accepted Answer

Prejudice refers to negative attitudes or opinions towards a group of people, while discrimination refers to the actual behaviors or actions taken against that group. Therefore, the best choice to complete the analogy is behavior (option E).

Question 7

When we consider factors of social structure that are important in the origins of prejudice and discrimination,we observe that dominance and subordination involve a competitive struggle for possession of valued goods.According to the text,this is,ultimately __________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of When we consider factors of social structure...

Question 8

__________ is behavior,in word or deed,that is motivated by the belief that human races have distinctive characteristics that determine abilities and cultures.

Accepted Answer

Racism is the belief that certain races are superior or inferior to others and that these differences determine the abilities and cultures of each race. Prejudice refers to preconceived opinions or attitudes toward a group or individual, while institutional discrimination refers to discriminatory policies and practices built into social institutions. Stereotyping involves making assumptions about individuals based on their membership in a particular group. Ethnocentrism refers to the belief in the superiority of one's own ethnic or cultural group. While all of these concepts are related, racism is the best fit for the definition given in the question.

Question 9

Sometimes aggression cannot be directed at the real source of frustration but is redirected toward a similar but safer and more convenient target.In this situation,aggression involves __________.

Accepted Answer

This situation describes the use of a scapegoat. Aggression is directed toward a target that is similar to the source of frustration but is safer and more convenient to target. The scapegoat is not the real source of frustration, but rather a substitute.

Question 10

Children are likely to learn the prejudices of their parents,and group members are likely to discriminate if discrimination is common in the group.This reflects the power of __________.

Accepted Answer

This question is discussing the power of social norms in affecting individuals' behavior and beliefs. Children learn from the behaviors and attitudes of their parents, and group members may discriminate if they perceive discrimination to be a norm within their group. Social norms have a powerful influence on our actions and choices, even if we don't consciously realize it.

Question 11

Attributing those personal traits that you consider undesirable to the members of a minority group,and then condemning these people for having these traits refers to __________.

Accepted Answer

The given scenario refers to the psychological defense mechanism of projection, which involves attributing one's own unacceptable thoughts, traits, or emotions to another person or group. In this case, the person attributes undesirable personal traits to the members of a minority group and then condemns them for it. This defense mechanism is often used to avoid dealing with one's own unacceptable thoughts or emotions.

Question 12

The two tendencies on the part of people that usually result in prejudice against the subordinate group are the tendencies to __________.

Accepted Answer

Rationalizing discrimination is a common tendency where people justify their prejudiced attitudes and behaviors with apparent reasons. Ethnocentrism is a belief in the superiority of one's own group or culture, which can contribute to discrimination against other groups. Therefore, tendency to rationalize discrimination and to be ethnocentric are the two tendencies that usually result in prejudice against subordinate groups.

Question 13

Using Robert Merton's perspective on the relationships between prejudice and discrimination,"institutional discrimination" would involve __________.

Accepted Answer

Institutional discrimination refers to the unjust and discriminatory mistreatment of an individual or group of individuals by society and its institutions as a whole, through unequal selection or bias, intentional or unintentional; it does not necessarily require personal prejudice or malice. Thus, it can occur in contexts where prejudice (personal bias or hatred) is absent.

Question 14

An employer with substantial federal contracts holds negative attitudes toward members of a particular group and doesn't wish to hire them.In fear of losing these contracts,the employer gives all applicants fair consideration.In Robert Merton's typology of the relationships between prejudice and discrimination,this employer would be a/an __________.

Accepted Answer

This employer is a prejudiced nondiscriminator according to Robert Merton's typology. Despite holding negative attitudes towards a group (prejudice), the employer does not act on these biases in hiring practices due to external pressures (nondiscriminator).

Question 15

Attributing a fixed,exaggerated,distorted,and usually unfavorable or inaccurate conception to a category of people illustrates the process of __________.

Accepted Answer

Stereotyping is the process of attributing a fixed, exaggerated, distorted, and usually unfavorable or inaccurate conception to a category of people. It involves making generalizations about individuals based on their membership in a particular group, without taking into account their individual differences or complexities. Stereotypes can be based on characteristics such as race, ethnicity, gender, age, religion, sexual orientation, or any other group identity that people use to define themselves or others.

Question 16

To understand the origins of prejudice and discrimination in a society,one must consider both_________.

Accepted Answer

Prejudice and discrimination arise from both the subjective experiences and felt needs of individuals as well as the systemic and structural organization of society. For instance, certain institutional practices such as redlining or discriminatory housing policies perpetuate racial and economic segregation, exacerbating prejudice and discrimination in society. Similarly, individual attitudes, prejudices, and biases can also contribute to discriminatory practices, which reinforces and amplifies institutional inequalities. By considering both the macro and micro-level factors that contribute to prejudice and discrimination, one can identify strategies for creating a more equitable and just society.

Question 17

In 1960,_______ percent of Americans approved of interracial marriage;by 2004,__________ percent expressed approval.

Accepted Answer

In 1960, only about 4% of Americans approved of interracial marriage, but by 2004, the approval rate had significantly increased to around 73%. The correct choice, B (20,73), is a simplified representation of this dramatic change in public opinion, although the initial figure is higher than historical records suggest.

Question 18

_________ refers to an emotional,rigid attitude toward the members of a subordinate group.

Accepted Answer

Prejudice refers to an emotional, rigid attitude toward the members of a subordinate group. Discrimination is the action or behavior that stems from prejudice. Emotion, predisposition, and emotional illness are not specific terms related to this definition.

Question 19

A very important cultural factor in prejudice and discrimination involves the social standards that specify the kind of behavior that is appropriate in a given situation.These standards are called social __________.

Accepted Answer

Social norms refer to the unwritten rules and expectations that govern behavior in social situations. These norms can vary across cultures and can influence attitudes and behaviors related to prejudice and discrimination.

Question 20

According to the authors of your text,which of the following is a commonly cited example of projection?

Accepted Answer

The authors of the text mention that white beliefs that exaggerate black sexuality, such as the stereotype of black men being sexual predators, are a commonly cited example of projection. Projection involves attributing one's own thoughts, feelings, or characteristics to others, and in this case, the projection may involve repressed or unacknowledged sexual desires or fears on the part of the projector. Choices A, B, C, and D do not fit the criteria of commonly cited examples of projection mentioned in the text.

Quiz 7: Racism, Prejudice, and Discrimination