Question 1

In his 1957 "two disciplines" address, Cronbach called for a united discipline of psychology, one that would conduct research in the spirit of which of the designs from Chapter 8?
A) nonequivalent groups designs
B) mixed factorial designs
C) P x E factorial designs
D) repeated-measures designs

Accepted Answer

Cronbach's call for a united discipline of psychology emphasized the integration of correlational and experimental methods, which aligns with P x E (Person by Environment) factorial designs that consider both individual differences and situational variables.

Question 2

Which of the following correlations shows the weakest relationship?
A) +.23
B) +.07
C) -.09
D) -.99

Accepted Answer

B

Question 3

Picture a regression line as a diagonal line running from the lower left to the top right on a scatterplot. For which of the following correlations would the points be closest to this regression line?
A) -.90
B) -.30
C) +.40
D) +.70

Accepted Answer

A correlation of +.70 indicates a strong positive relationship between the variables, meaning the points on the scatterplot would be close to the regression line running diagonally from the lower left to the top right.

Question 4

When examining how certain traits tended to run in families, Galton organized his data into a chart that was in effect the first
A) scatterplot
B) bar graph
C) line graph
D) frequency distribution

Accepted Answer

Galton's chart was a graph that showed the relationship between the heights of parents and their children. This is a classic example of a scatterplot, which is a type of graph used to display the correlation or relationship between two variables. Galton's chart was a pioneering use of this type of graph, making A) the correct choice.

Question 5

In order for a Pearson's r to reflect a meaningful relationship, which of the following must be true?
A) the relationship must be nonlinear
B) the variables must be measured on at least an ordinal scale
C) the range of scores must be restricted on at least one of the variables
D) the variables must be measured on either an interval or a ratio scale

Accepted Answer

Pearson's r measures the strength and direction of the linear relationship between two variables that are measured on an interval or ratio scale. Nonlinear relationships are better measured using other correlation coefficients, such as Spearman's rho. There is no requirement for the range of scores to be restricted, but it may affect the interpretation of the correlation coefficient. Variables measured on an ordinal scale can be analyzed using Spearman's rho or Kendall's tau, but not Pearson's r. Therefore, the best choice is D because it correctly identifies the type of scale needed for Pearson's r.

Question 6

In his 1957 APA presidential address, Cronbach identified what he called psychology's two disciplines:
A) personality psychology and social psychology
B) experimental psychology and clinical psychology
C) experimental psychology and correlational psychology
D) clinical psychology and experimental psychology

Accepted Answer

Cronbach identified experimental psychology and correlational psychology as the two disciplines of psychology in his 1957 APA presidential address.

Question 7

In order for Pearson's r to be calculated,
A) both variables must be measured on a ratio scale
B) the relationship must be a linear one
C) at least one of the variables must have a restricted range
D) the variables must be measured on at least an ordinal scale

Accepted Answer

Pearson's r is a measure of linear relationship between two variables. Therefore, the relationship must be linear for Pearson's r to be calculated.

Question 8

Galton uncovered the basic features of a correlational approach in his efforts to show that genius was inherited. His work included all of the following except
A) a scatterplot
B) the phenomenon of regression to the mean
C) a formula for calculating precise correlations
D) a regression line

Accepted Answer

Galton did not develop a formula for calculating precise correlations. He instead used visual methods such as scatterplots and regression lines to examine the relationships between variables. He also observed the phenomenon of regression to the mean, which is the tendency for extreme scores on one variable to be closer to the average on a second variable when the two variables are correlated.

Question 9

In his 1957 "two disciplines" address, Cronbach identified correlational psychology with
A) a desire to control individual differences, in order to discover general laws of behavior
B) a desire to investigate relationships between naturally-occurring variables
C) an attempt to identify general laws that apply to everyone
D) experimental psychology; he did not believe that experimental and correlational research were truly different

Accepted Answer

In his address, Cronbach identified correlational psychology as being concerned with investigating relationships between naturally-occurring variables, rather than attempting to control individual differences or identify general laws that apply to everyone.

Question 10

Which of the following would be most likely to produce a negative correlation?
A) the relationship between college grades and parents' IQ
B) the relationship between college grades and total TV watching time
C) the relationship between college grades and high school grades
D) the relationship between college grades and time spent in library

Accepted Answer

A negative correlation means that as one variable increases, the other variable decreases. Option B states the relationship between college grades and total TV watching time. It is plausible that students who spend more time watching TV may have lower grades, resulting in a negative correlation between the two variables. The other options do not necessarily indicate a negative correlation.

Question 11

One of psychology's better known findings is that performance is good at moderate levels of arousal and poor at both high and low levels of arousal (Yerkes-Dodson). Which of the following is true?
A) the strength of this relationship can best be assessed with Pearson's r
B) this is an example of a positive linear correlation
C) this is an example of a negative linear correlation
D) a Pearson's r for this relationship would be close to zero

Accepted Answer

The Yerkes-Dodson law describes a curvilinear relationship, not a linear one, so Pearson's r, which measures linear correlation, would be close to zero.

Question 12

A regression line for a correlation of -1.00 would
A) be parallel to the X-axis
B) be parallel to the Y-axis
C) higher for low values on the X-axis than for high values on the X-axis
D) higher for high values on the X-axis than for low values on the X-axis

Accepted Answer

The answer of A regression line for a correlation of...

Question 13

The correlation between verbal SAT scores (maximum score = 800) and freshman GPA will be lowest at a school
A) with an open enrollment policy
B) that only accepts students with a minimum of 400 on the verbal SAT
C) that only accepts students with a minimum of 500 on the verbal SAT
D) that only accepts students with a minimum of 600 on the verbal SAT

Accepted Answer

The answer of The correlation between verbal SAT scores (maximum...

Question 14

In order for a Pearson's r to reflect a meaningful relationship, which of the following must be true?
A) the relationship must be linear
B) the relationship must be nonlinear
C) the relationship must be inverse
D) the relationship must be a positive one

Accepted Answer

Pearson's r measures the linear relationship between two variables. If the relationship is nonlinear or not linear, then Pearson's r may not reflect a meaningful relationship. The direction of the relationship (positive or negative) does not affect whether the relationship is meaningful or not.

Question 15

John Stuart Mill's method of ________ is essentially the same as the correlational method.
A) agreement and difference (combined)
B) difference
C) agreement
D) concomitant variation

Accepted Answer

John Stuart Mill's method of concomitant variation involves observing the variations in two or more variables and determining if they change together or if there is a causal relationship between them. This is essentially the same as the correlational method, which involves examining the relationship between two or more variables to determine if they are systematically related. Therefore, choice D is the best answer.

Question 16

According to Galton, tall parents had tall children, but the children wouldn't be quite as tall as their parents. That is, Galton discovered the phenomenon of
A) a negative correlation (but not the positive correlation, which had already been discovered)
B) regression to the mean
C) restriction of range
D) multiple regression

Accepted Answer

Galton discovered the phenomenon of regression to the mean, which states that extreme scores on a variable tend to be followed by scores that are closer to the mean on that variable. This means that although tall parents are likely to have tall children, the children will not be as tall as their parents due to the regression to the mean.

Question 17

A regression line for a correlation of +1.00 would
A) be parallel to the X-axis
B) be parallel to the Y-axis
C) higher for low values on the X-axis than for high values on the X-axis
D) higher for high values on the X-axis than for low values on the X-axis

Accepted Answer

A correlation coefficient of +1.00 indicates a perfect positive linear relationship, meaning that as X increases, Y also increases. Therefore, the regression line would have a positive slope, and the predicted Y values would be higher for high values on the X-axis than for low values on the X-axis. So, option D is the correct answer.

Question 18

In his 1957 "two disciplines" address, Cronbach expressed concern that
A) correlational psychology held secondary status among researchers
B) psychologists were relying too heavily on correlational techniques
C) researchers were abandoning the laboratory for clinical practice
D) psychologists no longer thought of their discipline as scientific

Accepted Answer

Cronbach's 1957 address highlighted his concern that correlational psychology was not given equal status compared to experimental psychology, which was more dominant at the time.

Question 19

Galton uncovered the basic features of a correlational approach in his efforts to show that
A) nature was more important than nurture in determining genius
B) nurture was more important than nature in determining genius
C) the environment was the major determinant of intellectual skill
D) tall parents would produce children even taller than they were

Accepted Answer

Galton's work focused on the heritability of intelligence and he believed that genius was largely determined by genetics (nature) rather than environmental factors (nurture). He used correlational methods to demonstrate that traits like height, which are largely determined by genetics, tend to run in families.

Question 20

Which of the following correlations shows the strongest relationship?
A) -.72
B) +1.21
C) +.70
D) -.09

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following correlations shows the...

Quiz 9: Correlational Research

In his 1957 "two disciplines" address, Cronbach called for a united discipline of psychology, one that would conduct research in the spirit of which of the designs from Chapter 8?

Which of the following correlations shows the weakest relationship?

Picture a regression line as a diagonal line running from the lower left to the top right on a scatterplot. For which of the following correlations would the points be closest to this regression line?

When examining how certain traits tended to run in families, Galton organized his data into a chart that was in effect the first

In order for a Pearson's r to reflect a meaningful relationship, which of the following must be true?

In his 1957 APA presidential address, Cronbach identified what he called psychology's two disciplines:

In order for Pearson's r to be calculated,

Galton uncovered the basic features of a correlational approach in his efforts to show that genius was inherited. His work included all of the following except

In his 1957 "two disciplines" address, Cronbach identified correlational psychology with

Which of the following would be most likely to produce a negative correlation?

One of psychology's better known findings is that performance is good at moderate levels of arousal and poor at both high and low levels of arousal (Yerkes-Dodson) . Which of the following is true?

A regression line for a correlation of -1.00 would

The correlation between verbal SAT scores (maximum score = 800) and freshman GPA will be lowest at a school

In order for a Pearson's r to reflect a meaningful relationship, which of the following must be true?

John Stuart Mill's method of ________ is essentially the same as the correlational method.

According to Galton, tall parents had tall children, but the children wouldn't be quite as tall as their parents. That is, Galton discovered the phenomenon of

A regression line for a correlation of +1.00 would

In his 1957 "two disciplines" address, Cronbach expressed concern that

Galton uncovered the basic features of a correlational approach in his efforts to show that

Which of the following correlations shows the strongest relationship?