Question 1

Frank observes and tracks Garrett's behavior for four days to determine how often he actually does leave his materials behind. He then introduces a required assignment book strategy to increase his ability to keep track of his class materials. Frank continues to observe Garrett's behavior. However, under the assignment book strategy, Garrett's behavior does not change. Frank decides that he will also require that Garrett obtain signatures from his teachers and parents in his assignment book and observes improved behavior. After four weeks, Frank removes the required assignment book and signature and observes and records Garrett's behavior for a week. In Frank's study, the signed assignment book represents which of the following?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Frank observes and tracks Garrett's behavior for...

Question 2

Bryce is using the graphing technique he used with a patient with brain injury in a single-subject study by replicating it with another patient, Paul. By so doing, Bryce is illustrating which type of replication?

Accepted Answer

Direct replication involves duplicating a study with the same methods, measures, and conditions as closely as possible, in order to see if the same findings occur. In this case, Bryce is using the same graphing technique with another patient, which is a direct replication of his previous study. Transfer replication involves duplicating a study in a different setting or population, while systematic replication involves making modifications to the original study to test different aspects or variables. Clinical replication is not a recognized type of replication in research methodology.

Question 3

Regarding the practice of manipulating two variables simultaneously in a single-subject study, one should conclude:

Accepted Answer

Manipulating two variables simultaneously in a single-subject study is unsound because it makes it difficult to assess the effects of either variable. This is because we cannot isolate the influence of each variable, and therefore cannot draw definitive conclusions about the effect of either variable. This can compromise the validity of the study and lead to questionable or unreliable results.

Question 4

Ike would like to implement a single subject design to test interventions for several behaviors of her student Mildred. She would like to target hitting behavior and yelling in class. Of the following, which single subject design would be most appropriate?

Accepted Answer

The multiple-baseline design would be most appropriate for targeting hitting behavior and yelling in class as it allows for the intervention to be implemented at different times for each behavior and serves as a control for any external factors that may affect the behavior. This design involves selecting multiple behaviors and implementing the intervention at different times for each behavior, while monitoring the behavior of interest across the different baselines. This design would also allow for the evaluation of the effectiveness of the intervention for each behavior separately.

Question 5

Stefanie is a speech pathologist working with Emily, who is struggling with initial sounds of words. Stefanie has decided to test the effects of an audio recorded modeling strategy with Emily. She first records the number of errors in naturally occurring speech for a three minute period, four days in a row. Next, while alternately collecting data in the form of errors per three minute period of naturally occurring speech, she introduces audio recorded modeling for twelve therapy sessions. Stefanie then collects errors per minutes of speech for four days after the intervention. Stefanie has employed which of the following types of single-subjects designs?

Accepted Answer

Stefanie used an A-B-A design, which involves a baseline phase (A), an intervention phase (B), and a return to baseline phase (A) to assess the effects of the intervention.

Question 6

Of the following, which is an example of clinical replication?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Of the following, which is an example...

Question 7

Millie is using a behavior checklist strategy as well as a prompted praise strategy when working with her second grade student, Kent, who exhibits behavior disorders. She uses both strategies within the same study going back and forth randomly between the two approaches, while recording his on task behavior. Which of the following designs is Millie employing?

Accepted Answer

Millie is using the alternating treatment design, where she randomly alternates between the behavior checklist strategy and the prompted praise strategy to see which approach is more effective in improving Kent's on task behavior.

Question 8

Frank observes and tracks Garrett's behavior for four days to determine how often he actually does leave his materials behind. He then introduces a required assignment book strategy to increase his ability to keep track of his class materials. Frank continues to observe Garrett's behavior. However, under the assignment book strategy, Garrett's behavior does not change. Frank decides that he will also require that Garrett obtain signatures from his teachers and parents in his assignment book and observes improved behavior. After four weeks, Frank removes the required assignment book and signature and observes and records Garrett's behavior for a week. If Frank's study is typical, what would one expect regarding Garrett's behavior after the requirement of the assignment book was taken away?

Accepted Answer

Frank's study suggests a behavior modification approach where the assignment book and signatures served as interventions to improve Garrett's behavior. Once these supports are removed, it's common for individuals to revert somewhat towards their original behavior, but maintain some level of improvement due to the learned habits and awareness developed during the intervention period. Thus, Garrett is likely to forget his things more often than while the intervention was in place but less than before it started.

Question 9

Millie is using a behavior checklist strategy as well as a prompted praise strategy when working with her second grade behavior disordered student, Kent, who exhibits behavior disorders. She uses both strategies within the same study going back and forth randomly between the two approaches, while recording his on task behavior. In this study, which of the following threats does Millie control?

Accepted Answer

Millie controls for order effects by randomizing the use of the two strategies. Order effects can occur when the order in which treatments or strategies are applied affects the outcome. By randomly alternating between the two approaches, Millie can help ensure that any changes in behavior are not simply due to the order in which she used the strategies. She may also be controlling for other threats depending on the specific details of the study, but order effects is the only threat mentioned in the given scenario. Selection effects relate to the characteristics of the participants or groups being studied, treatment effects relate to the effects of the treatment or intervention being used, and history effects relate to external events occurring during the study period.

Question 10

Millie is using a behavior checklist strategy as well as a prompted praise strategy when working with her second grade behavior disordered student, Kent, who exhibits behavior disorders. She uses both strategies within the same study going back and forth randomly between the two approaches, while recording his on task behavior. The benefits of Millie's design include all of the following EXCEPT

Accepted Answer

Millie's design involves alternating between two different strategies without a systematic approach to isolate the effects of each, which does not control for multiple-treatment interference. This interference occurs when the effects of one treatment influence the outcomes of another, making it difficult to determine which treatment is responsible for changes in behavior.

Question 11

Which of the following presents an example of an additive design?

Accepted Answer

An additive design involves adding a treatment to an existing condition, as seen in option D where the treatment (XOXOXOXOXO) is added between two periods of no treatment (OOOO).

Question 12

Aaron has decided to use the audio recording modeling strategy from a single-subject study with his client who also has struggles with initial word sounds. The type of replication that Aaron illustrates in this case is

Accepted Answer

Systematic replication involves applying the same intervention or strategy to different subjects or settings to see if the results can be generalized, which is what Aaron is doing by using the strategy from a study with his client.

Question 13

Stefanie is a speech pathologist working with Emily, who is struggling with initial sounds of words. Stefanie has decided to test the effects of an audio recorded modeling strategy with Emily. She first records the number of errors in naturally occurring speech for a three minute period, four days in a row. Next, while alternately collecting data in the form of errors per three minute period of naturally occurring speech, she introduces audio recorded modeling for twelve therapy sessions. Stefanie then collects errors per minutes of speech for four days after the intervention. Which of the following is the most critical drawback of the design Stefanie has selected?

Accepted Answer

The most critical drawback is the withdrawal of the treatment condition, as it does not allow for the assessment of the treatment's long-term effectiveness or maintenance of skills without the intervention.

Question 14

In single-subject research, the most important type of significance is

Accepted Answer

In single-subject research, statistical significance is less important than clinical significance because single-subject research typically focuses on individual cases rather than group means. Clinical significance refers to whether the results of the study are meaningful and relevant in the context of the individual's daily life. Thus, the most important type of significance in single-subject research is clinical significance.

Quiz 11: Single-Subject Experimental Research