Question 1

Before entering college Grant was very stringent in his beliefs.Many of life's issues were clear-cut and could be explained with one definitive answer.However,throughout the years,Grant has noticed that he is better able to see other perspectives and find many sides to one argument.He is now at a place where he can recognize the legitimacy of competing points of view and compare their merits.Which of the following postformal operational terms best describes Grant's cognitive perspective?

Accepted Answer

Grant's ability to recognize the legitimacy of competing points of view and compare their merits suggests that he has developed relativistic thinking, which is a hallmark of postformal operational thought. Dualistic thinking is characterized by the belief that there can be only one correct answer to any given question, while multiple thinking involves the recognition of multiple solutions or perspectives. Commitment refers to the ability to make decisions and stick to them, which is not directly related to the cognitive flexibility described in the scenario above.

Question 2

Which of the following best describes dualistic thinking?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following best describes dualistic...

Question 3

One hundred years ago ____ of young people obtained tertiary education in any industrialized country.

Accepted Answer

A hundred years ago, higher education was still a privilege reserved for a small elite, so less than 10% of young people obtained tertiary education in any industrialized country.

Question 4

Which of the following would be considered tertiary education?

Accepted Answer

Tertiary education refers to education at the college or university level, which is beyond the levels of primary (elementary) and secondary (middle) education. A daycare center is not considered part of the education system.

Question 5

Peng and Nisbett (1999)conducted studies comparing Chinese and American college students.They found that when students were presented with two apparently contradictory propositions,American students tended to ____.

Accepted Answer

Peng and Nisbett found that American students tended to embrace one solution and reject the other when presented with two apparently contradictory propositions. This is in contrast to Chinese students, who tended to try to reconcile the two propositions.

Question 6

By the end of their college years,many young people reach a stage in which they adhere to certain points of view they believe to be the most valid,while being open to re-evaluating their views if new evidence is presented to them.What stage is this?

Accepted Answer

This stage is known as "Commitment" in Perry's scheme of intellectual and ethical development, where individuals commit to certain beliefs while remaining open to new evidence and perspectives.

Question 7

What type of thinking involves understanding that there are two or more legitimate views for each issue?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What type of thinking involves understanding that...

Question 8

____ is a cognitive perspective in which solutions are either right or wrong with no in-between,whereas ____ is a cognitive perspective that allows for two or more sides to every story and two or more legitimate views to every issue.

Accepted Answer

Dualistic thinking is a cognitive perspective that sees things in black and white with no gray areas, while multiple thinking allows for multiple perspectives and acknowledges the complexity of issues. Choice B, C, and D are incorrect because they do not accurately describe these two cognitive perspectives.

Question 9

____ is an awareness that there are two or more sides to every story,two or more legitimate views of every issue,and that it can be difficult to justify one position as the only true or accurate one.

Accepted Answer

This is describing multiple thinking, which acknowledges the complexity of issues and the existence of multiple valid perspectives. Dualistic thinking (A) is the idea that there are only two options or viewpoints, while hypothesis testing (C) and deductive reasoning (D) are specific methods of testing and evaluating evidence.

Question 10

Tertiary education is best described as any kind of ____.

Accepted Answer

Tertiary education refers to any education or training program beyond secondary school, including vocational schools, community colleges, and universities. It does not necessarily have to be a professional program or mandatory for all citizens.

Question 11

Peng and Nisbett (1999)conducted studies comparing Chinese and American college students.They found that Chinese students were more likely than the Americans to prefer ____.

Accepted Answer

Peng and Nisbett found that Chinese students were more likely to prefer dialectical proverbs containing contradictions. This suggests a preference for a more holistic, contextualized approach to problem-solving, whereas Americans tended to prefer more analytic and pragmatic solutions.

Question 12

Individuals who possess relative thought ____.

Accepted Answer

Individuals with relative thought are able to recognize the legitimacy of competing points of view, meaning they can understand and evaluate different perspectives. This ability is associated with abstract and critical thinking, which goes beyond the black-and-white worldview of binary thinking (option B) or the limited perspective of absolutism (option C). Option A refers to concrete operations of a pre-operational stage in cognitive development, which cannot apply to all individuals.

Question 13

What type of thinking involves seeing situations and issues in polarized terms (e.g.,an act is either right or wrong)?

Accepted Answer

Dualistic thinking involves seeing situations in black and white terms, where things are either right or wrong, good or bad, with no in-between or shades of gray. This type of thinking can be limiting and not account for nuance or complexity in situations.

Question 14

According to Basseches,what type of thinking develops in emerging adulthood that involves a growing awareness that problems often have no clear solution and two opposing strategies or points of view may each have some merit?

Accepted Answer

According to Basseches, the type of thinking that develops in emerging adulthood that involves a growing awareness that problems often have no clear solution and two opposing strategies or points of view may each have some merit is dialectical thought.

Question 15

Peng and Nisbett (1999)proposed that Chinese culture traditionally advocates an approach to knowledge that strives to reconcile contradictions and combine opposing perspectives by seeking a middle ground.What type of thinking is this?

Accepted Answer

This type of thinking is dialectical thought, which is characterized by the ability to consider and integrate opposing ideas or perspectives.

Question 16

The gains in reflective judgment that take place in emerging adulthood appear to be due more to ____.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The gains in reflective judgment that take...

Question 17

What type of thinking involves understanding that there are two or more legitimate views for each issue and comparing the merits of competing views?

Accepted Answer

Relativism involves understanding that different perspectives and interpretations can be valid and exploring the strengths and weaknesses of each view, rather than seeing things in a simplistic, black-and-white manner (dualistic thinking) or being committed to one particular viewpoint (committed thinking). Multiple thinking could also be a possible answer, but it is a less commonly used term and not as specific to the description provided.

Question 18

Nellie is a teenager who would like to believe that abortion is wrong and should not be tolerated in any situation.However,she also knows that if the fetus has no chance of survival and the mother's life is in jeopardy,this may be a situation in which an abortion is justified.She does not believe that one particular stance is

Accepted Answer

Multiple thinking is the ability to consider multiple perspectives and viewpoints on a complex issue. Nellie is able to consider both the pro-life and pro-choice perspectives on abortion, and she is able to identify a situation in which she believes abortion may be justified.

Question 19

According to Perry,reflective judgment begins to develop for most people ____.

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to Perry,reflective judgment begins to develop...

Question 20

According to Perry,multiple thinking develops into relativism by the ____.

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to Perry,multiple thinking develops into relativism...

Quiz 9: Emerging Adulthood